Figure 1.
Description of beginning and ending of different gait phases in a normal gait cycle (Arafsha et al. [
9]).
Figure 1.
Description of beginning and ending of different gait phases in a normal gait cycle (Arafsha et al. [
9]).
Figure 2.
Flowchart of the proposed PD detection and severity classification algorithm using the continuous wavelet transform as the feature transformation.
Figure 2.
Flowchart of the proposed PD detection and severity classification algorithm using the continuous wavelet transform as the feature transformation.
Figure 3.
Time-frequency spectrograms using CWT of the first 10 s CF vGRF signals of CO, PD Stage 2, PD Stage 2.5, and PD Stage 3 subjects in a 10 s time window size from Ga [
21] dataset: (
a) original vGRF signal, (
b) 0.1–5 Hz time-frequency spectrogram, and (
c) 5–50 Hz time-frequency spectrogram.
Figure 3.
Time-frequency spectrograms using CWT of the first 10 s CF vGRF signals of CO, PD Stage 2, PD Stage 2.5, and PD Stage 3 subjects in a 10 s time window size from Ga [
21] dataset: (
a) original vGRF signal, (
b) 0.1–5 Hz time-frequency spectrogram, and (
c) 5–50 Hz time-frequency spectrogram.
Figure 4.
Time-frequency spectrograms using CWT of the CF vGRF signals of CO, PD Stage 2, PD Stage 2.5, and PD Stage 3 subjects in the 0.1–5 Hz frequency range for (
a) a 10 s time window size, (
b) a 15 s time window size, and (
c) a 30 s time window size from Ga [
21] dataset.
Figure 4.
Time-frequency spectrograms using CWT of the CF vGRF signals of CO, PD Stage 2, PD Stage 2.5, and PD Stage 3 subjects in the 0.1–5 Hz frequency range for (
a) a 10 s time window size, (
b) a 15 s time window size, and (
c) a 30 s time window size from Ga [
21] dataset.
Figure 5.
Time-frequency spectrograms using CWT of the CF vGRF signals of CO, PD Stage 2, PD Stage 2.5, and PD Stage 3 subjects in the 5–50 Hz frequency range for (
a) a 10 s time window size, (
b) a 15 s time window size, and (
c) a 30 s time window size from Ga [
21] dataset.
Figure 5.
Time-frequency spectrograms using CWT of the CF vGRF signals of CO, PD Stage 2, PD Stage 2.5, and PD Stage 3 subjects in the 5–50 Hz frequency range for (
a) a 10 s time window size, (
b) a 15 s time window size, and (
c) a 30 s time window size from Ga [
21] dataset.
Table 1.
Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scale [
10] for PD severity stage.
Table 1.
Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scale [
10] for PD severity stage.
Stages | Description |
---|
0 | No signs of disease |
1 | Symptoms are very mild; unilateral involvement only |
1.5 | Unilateral and axial involvement |
2 | Bilateral involvement without impairment of balance |
2.5 | Mild bilateral disease with recovery on pull test |
3 | Mild to moderate bilateral disease; some postural instability; physical independence |
4 | Severe disability; still able to walk or stand unassisted |
5 | Wheelchair bound or bedridden unless aided |
Table 2.
Number of subjects in three sub-datasets of Parkinson’s Disease database (gaitpdb) [
8] based on the HY rating scale of severity.
Table 2.
Number of subjects in three sub-datasets of Parkinson’s Disease database (gaitpdb) [
8] based on the HY rating scale of severity.
Author | Stage 0 | Stage 2 | Stage 2.5 | Stage 3 |
---|
Ga [21] | 18 | 15 | 8 | 6 |
Ju [22] | 26 | 12 | 13 | 4 |
Si [23] | 29 | 29 | 6 | 0 |
Table 3.
Architectures for ResNet-50 and ResNet-101.
Table 3.
Architectures for ResNet-50 and ResNet-101.
Layer Name | Output Size | 50 Layer | 101 Layer |
---|
conv1 | | , , stride 2 |
conv2_x | | max pool, stride 2 |
| |
conv3_x | | | |
conv4_x | | | |
conv5_x | | | |
| | average pool, 1000-d fc, softmax |
FLOPs | | |
Table 4.
The advantages and disadvantages of the AlexNet, ResNet, and GoogLeNet CNN architecture [
34,
35].
Table 4.
The advantages and disadvantages of the AlexNet, ResNet, and GoogLeNet CNN architecture [
34,
35].
Architecture | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|
AlexNet layer depth: 8 parameters: 60 million | There is low feature loss, as the ReLU activation function does not limit the output. Uses data enhancement, dropout, and normalization layers to prevent the network from overfitting and improve the model generalization.
| This model has much less depth; hence, it struggles to learn features from image sets. Takes more time to achieve higher accuracy (highest accuracy achieved: 99.11%).
|
ResNet-50 layer depth: 50 parameters: 25.6 million ResNet-101 layer depth: 101 parameters: 44.5 million | Decreased the error rate for deeper networks by introducing the idea of residual learning. Instead of widening the network, the increased depth of the network results in fewer additional parameters. This greatly reduces the training time and improves accuracy (highest accuracy ResNet-50: 99.20%; highest accuracy ResNet-101: 99.01%). Mitigates the effect of vanishing gradient.
| |
GoogLeNet layer depth: 22 parameters: 7 million | Computational and memory efficiency. Reduced number of parameters by using bottleneck and global average pooling layer. Use of auxiliary classifiers to improve the convergence rate.
| Lower accuracy (highest accuracy: 98.77%). Its heterogeneous topology necessitates adaptation from module to module. Substantially reduces the feature space because of the representation bottleneck and thus sometimes may lead to loss of useful information.
|
Table 5.
Multi-class classification of LF from Ga dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 5.
Multi-class classification of LF from Ga dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 98.21 | 98.11 | 98.14 | 0.9816 | 97.54 | 99.44 | 98.81 | 0.9849 | 97.54 | 99.56 | 98.89 | 0.9855 | 97.54 | 97.89 | 97.77 | 0.9771 |
Class 2 | 93.29 | 97.78 | 96.14 | 0.9554 | 95.53 | 97.66 | 96.88 | 0.9659 | 97.15 | 96.49 | 96.73 | 0.9682 | 93.09 | 97.89 | 96.14 | 0.9549 |
Class 2.5 | 82.50 | 96.12 | 93.69 | 0.8931 | 91.25 | 95.93 | 95.10 | 0.9359 | 88.75 | 97.29 | 95.77 | 0.9302 | 94.17 | 94.67 | 94.58 | 0.9442 |
Class 3 | 83.93 | 97.37 | 95.69 | 0.9065 | 83.33 | 98.98 | 97.03 | 0.9116 | 88.10 | 99.32 | 97.92 | 0.9371 | 73.81 | 99.41 | 96.21 | 0.8661 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 97.76 | 98.56 | 98.29 | 0.9816 | 95.30 | 98.89 | 97.70 | 0.9710 | 94.63 | 98.44 | 97.18 | 0.9654 | 97.09 | 97.78 | 97.55 | 0.9743 |
Class 2 | 95.93 * | 98.25 * | 97.40 * | 0.9709 * | 96.54 | 96.26 | 96.36 | 0.9640 | 96.34 | 94.74 | 95.32 | 0.9554 | 93.09 | 97.66 | 95.99 | 0.9538 |
Class 2.5 | 93.75 * | 98.83 * | 97.92 * | 0.9629 * | 91.67 | 98.55 | 97.33 | 0.9511 | 87.50 | 98.01 | 96.14 | 0.9276 | 90.42 | 97.65 | 96.36 | 0.9403 |
Class 3 | 96.43 | 99.15 | 98.81 | 0.9779 | 94.64 | 99.24 | 98.66 | 0.9694 | 89.29 | 99.24 | 98 | 0.9426 | 92.86 | 98.64 | 97.92 | 0.9575 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 97.98 | 98.33 | 98.22 | 0.9816 | 93.94 | 98.50 | 96.99 | 0.9622 | 95.29 | 99.33 | 97.99 | 0.9731 | 97.98 * | 99.17 * | 98.77 * | 0.9857 * |
Class 2 | 94.21 | 96.66 | 95.76 | 0.9543 | 93.90 | 95.08 | 94.65 | 0.9449 | 97.26 | 95.43 | 96.10 | 0.9634 | 96.04 | 96.84 | 96.54 | 0.9644 |
Class 2.5 | 85 | 97.29 | 95.09 | 0.9114 | 88.75 | 96.74 | 95.32 | 0.9275 | 90 | 98.51 | 96.99 | 0.9425 | 88.75 | 97.69 | 96.10 | 0.9322 |
Class 3 | 90.18 | 98.60 | 97.55 | 0.9439 | 88.39 | 98.98 | 97.66 | 0.9369 | 95.54 | 99.62 | 99.11 | 0.9758 | 91.96 | 99.24 | 98.33 | 0.9560 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 96.30 | 98.33 | 97.66 | 0.9731 | 93.94 | 98.50 | 96.99 | 0.9622 | 95.96 | 96.33 | 96.21 | 0.9615 | 95.96 | 98 | 97.32 | 0.9698 |
Class 2 | 93.29 | 97.54 | 95.99 | 0.9542 | 93.90 | 95.08 | 94.65 | 0.9449 | 91.77 | 95.78 | 94.31 | 0.9378 | 94.51 | 95.78 | 95.32 | 0.9515 |
Class 2.5 | 88.13 | 97.56 | 95.88 | 0.9284 | 88.75 | 96.74 | 95.32 | 0.9275 | 89.38 | 96.47 | 95.21 | 0.9292 | 84.38 | 96.74 | 94.54 | 0.9056 |
Class 3 | 94.64 | 97.96 | 97.55 | 0.9630 | 88.39 | 98.98 | 97.66 | 0.9369 | 81.25 | 99.36 | 97.10 | 0.9031 | 84.82 | 98.47 | 96.77 | 0.9165 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 95.24 | 98.33 | 97.32 | 0.9679 | 95.92 | 98.33 | 97.54 | 0.9713 | 91.84 | 99.67 | 97.09 | 0.9575 | 94.56 | 96.33 | 95.75 | 0.9545 |
Class 2 | 93.90 | 97.17 | 95.97 | 0.9554 | 92.68 | 95.41 | 94.41 | 0.9404 | 95.73 | 91.87 | 93.29 | 0.9380 | 90.85 | 94.70 | 93.29 | 0.9278 |
Class 2.5 | 95 | 97.55 | 97.09 | 0.9627 | 90 | 95.64 | 94.63 | 0.9282 | 85 | 94.82 | 93.06 | 0.8991 | 85 | 97.82 | 95.53 | 0.9141 |
Class 3 | 94.64 | 99.49 | 98.88 | 0.9707 | 83.93 | 99.74 | 97.76 | 0.9184 | 76.79 | 99.74 | 96.87 | 0.8826 | 92.86 | 98.72 | 97.99 | 0.9579 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 95.92 | 98 | 97.32 | 0.9696 | 93.20 | 99 | 97.09 | 0.9610 | 93.20 | 97.33 | 95.97 | 0.9527 | 95.24 | 97.33 | 96.64 | 0.9629 |
Class 2 | 93.29 | 95.76 | 94.85 | 0.9453 | 93.90 | 94.35 | 94.18 | 0.9412 | 93.30 | 92.58 | 93.06 | 0.9324 | 88.41 | 94.35 | 92.17 | 0.9138 |
Class 2.5 | 80 | 98.37 | 95.08 | 0.8918 | 86.25 | 94.82 | 93.29 | 0.9054 | 82.50 | 95.91 | 93.51 | 0.8921 | 76.25 | 94.28 | 91.05 | 0.8526 |
Class 3 | 98.21 * | 97.44 * | 97.54 * | 0.9783 * | 80.36 | 98.98 | 96.64 | 0.8967 | 76.79 | 99.23 | 96.42 | 0.8801 | 83.93 | 97.70 | 95.97 | 0.9081 |
Table 6.
Multi-class classification of LF from Ju dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 6.
Multi-class classification of LF from Ju dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 94.47 | 99.02 | 98.21 | 0.9675 | 96.98 * | 99.67 * | 99.20 * | 0.9833 * | 93.97 | 99.02 | 98.13 | 0.9650 | 97.49 | 98.48 | 98.30 | 0.9798 |
Class 2 | 93.75 | 98.05 | 96.70 | 0.9590 | 96.59 * | 98.44 * | 97.86 * | 0.9751 * | 95.17 | 94.66 | 94.82 | 0.9492 | 93.75 | 95.96 | 95.27 | 0.9486 |
Class 2.5 | 94.13 | 94.85 | 94.55 | 0.9449 | 98.26 | 93.64 | 95.54 | 0.9595 | 92.61 | 95.61 | 94.38 | 0.9411 | 93.26 | 94.09 | 93.75 | 0.9368 |
Class 3 | 80.73 | 97.73 | 96.07 | 0.8923 | 70.64 | 99.90 | 97.05 | 0.8527 | 80.73 | 99.51 | 97.68 | 0.9012 | 71.56 | 99.51 | 96.79 | 0.8553 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 96.48 | 98.70 | 98.30 | 0.9759 | 94.47 | 99.46 | 98.57 | 0.9696 | 94.97 | 98.91 | 98.21 | 0.9694 | 92.46 | 98.70 | 97.59 | 0.9558 |
Class 2 | 92.90 | 98.70 | 96.88 | 0.9580 | 93.18 | 97.01 | 95.80 | 0.9509 | 95.45 | 94.79 | 95 | 0.9512 | 93.47 | 96.35 | 95.45 | 0.9491 |
Class 2.5 | 97.39 * | 96.52 * | 96.88 * | 0.9695 * | 96.52 | 95.45 | 95.89 | 0.9599 | 92.83 | 96.97 | 95.27 | 0.9490 | 93.70 | 97.12 | 95.71 | 0.9541 |
Class 3 | 90.83 | 99.11 | 98.30 | 0.9497 | 89.91 | 99.60 | 98.66 | 0.9476 | 87.16 | 99.70 | 98.48 | 0.9343 | 93.58 | 98.52 | 98.04 | 0.9605 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 93.80 | 99.17 | 98.22 | 0.9648 | 96.12 | 98.84 | 98.36 | 0.9748 | 93.80 | 98.67 | 97.81 | 0.9623 | 93.02 | 99.50 | 98.36 | 0.9626 |
Class 2 | 95.63 | 97.60 | 96.99 | 0.9662 | 91.27 | 98 | 95.89 | 0.9464 | 92.14 | 97.41 | 95.75 | 0.9477 | 96.51 | 95.81 | 96.03 | 0.9616 |
Class 2.5 | 94.33 | 96.98 | 95.89 | 0.9566 | 96.67 | 95.35 | 95,89 | 0.9601 | 96.67 | 94.88 | 95.62 | 0.9578 | 92 | 97.21 | 95.07 | 0.9460 |
Class 3 | 88.89 | 98.02 | 97.12 | 0.9346 | 90.28 | 99.24 | 98.36 | 0.9476 | 83.33 | 99.24 | 97.67 | 0.9129 | 90.28 | 98.18 | 97.40 | 0.9423 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 90.70 | 98.50 | 97.12 | 0.9460 | 87.60 | 99.17 | 97.12 | 0.9338 | 93.80 | 98.17 | 97.40 | 0.9598 | 89.92 | 98 | 96.58 | 0.9396 |
Class 2 | 93.01 | 97.01 | 95.75 | 0.9501 | 93.89 | 96.01 | 95.34 | 0.9495 | 93.45 | 94.61 | 94.25 | 0.9403 | 88.21 | 96.41 | 93.84 | 0.9231 |
Class 2.5 | 94.67 | 97.44 | 96.30 | 0.9605 | 94.33 | 96.05 | 95.34 | 0.9519 | 91.67 | 95.58 | 93.97 | 0.9362 | 94.67 | 93.95 | 94.25 | 0.9431 |
Class 3 | 94.44 | 98.02 | 97.67 | 0.9623 | 88.89 | 98.02 | 97.12 | 0.9346 | 79.17 | 99.09 | 97.12 | 0.8913 | 86.11 | 98.48 | 97.26 | 0.9230 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 86.21 | 98.52 | 96.37 | 0.9237 | 91.38 | 100 | 98.49 | 0.9569 | 89.66 | 100 | 98.19 | 0.9483 | 84.48 | 98.17 | 95.77 | 0.9133 |
Class 2 | 92.23 | 93.86 | 93.35 | 0.9305 | 96.12 | 96.49 | 96.37 | 0.9630 | 96.12 | 95.61 | 95.77 | 0.9587 | 85.44 | 94.74 | 91.84 | 0.9009 |
Class 2.5 | 91.85 | 96.94 | 94.86 | 0.9440 | 96.30 | 93.88 | 94.86 | 0.9509 | 96.30 | 89.29 | 92.15 | 0.9279 | 96.30 | 92.35 | 93.96 | 0.9432 |
Class 3 | 97.14 * | 98.65 * | 98.49 * | 0.9790 * | 77.14 | 99.32 | 96.98 | 0.8823 | 51.43 | 99.66 | 94.56 | 0.7555 | 85.71 | 99.32 | 97.89 | 0.9252 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 89.66 | 97.07 | 95.77 | 0.9336 | 79.31 | 100 | 96.37 | 0.8966 | 81.03 | 98.53 | 95.47 | 0.8978 | 82.76 | 94.87 | 92.75 | 0.8882 |
Class 2 | 83.50 | 96.05 | 92.15 | 0.8977 | 85.44 | 93.42 | 90.94 | 0.8943 | 90.29 | 90.79 | 90.63 | 0.9054 | 79.61 | 92.98 | 88.82 | 0.8630 |
Class 2.5 | 93.33 | 93.37 | 93.35 | 0.9335 | 95.56 | 87.24 | 90.63 | 0.9140 | 91.11 | 87.76 | 89.12 | 0.8943 | 89.63 | 93.37 | 91.84 | 0.9150 |
Class 3 | 91.43 | 98.31 | 97.58 | 0.9487 | 71.43 | 98.89 | 96.07 | 0.8521 | 48.57 | 99.32 | 93.96 | 0.7395 | 82.86 | 97.30 | 95.77 | 0.9008 |
Table 7.
Multi-class classification of LF from Si dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 7.
Multi-class classification of LF from Si dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 97.99 | 98.10 | 98.05 | 0.9804 | 97.70 | 99.52 | 98.70 | 0.9861 | 97.99 | 97.38 | 97.66 | 0.9768 | 97.13 | 96.67 | 96.88 | 0.9690 |
Class 2 | 94.64 | 91.20 | 92.71 | 0.9292 | 97.92 | 95.60 | 96.61 | 0.9676 | 95.83 | 94.91 | 95.31 | 0.9537 | 94.35 | 92.82 | 93.49 | 0.9358 |
Class 2.5 | 61.90 | 98.39 | 94.40 | 0.8015 | 86.90 | 99.27 | 97.92 | 0.9309 | 82.14 | 99.56 | 97.66 | 0.9085 | 73.81 | 99.12 | 96.35 | 0.8647 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 98.56 * | 99.05 * | 98.83 * | 0.9881 * | 96.84 | 99.05 | 98.05 | 0.9794 | 96.26 | 96.43 | 96.35 | 0.9635 | 95.98 | 98.57 | 97.40 | 0.9727 |
Class 2 | 95.83 * | 98.84 * | 97.53 * | 0.9734 * | 97.32 | 96.06 | 96.61 | 0.9669 | 95.54 | 93.52 | 94.40 | 0.9453 | 94.64 | 93.98 | 94.27 | 0.9431 |
Class 2.5 | 98.81 * | 98.39 * | 98.44 * | 0.9860 * | 91.67 | 99.12 | 98.31 | 0.9539 | 80.95 | 99.85 | 97.79 | 0.9040 | 84.52 | 98.10 | 96.61 | 0.9131 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 97.41 | 97.50 | 97.46 | 0.9746 | 96.12 | 99.29 | 97.85 | 0.9770 | 96.55 | 97.86 | 97.27 | 0.9720 | 99.14 | 97.14 | 98.05 | 0.9814 |
Class 2 | 92.41 | 94.79 | 93.75 | 0.9360 | 96.88 | 94.10 | 95.31 | 0.9549 | 95.98 | 95.14 | 95.51 | 0.9556 | 93.30 | 97.57 | 95.70 | 0.9544 |
Class 2.5 | 82.14 | 97.59 | 95.90 | 0.8987 | 85.71 | 98.90 | 97.46 | 0.9231 | 87.50 | 99.12 | 97.85 | 0.9331 | 91.07 | 98.46 | 97.66 | 0.9477 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 94.83 | 98.57 | 96.88 | 0.9670 | 93.53 | 98.57 | 96.29 | 0.9605 | 96.12 | 97.50 | 96.88 | 0.9681 | 96.12 | 96.79 | 96.48 | 0.9645 |
Class 2 | 93.30 | 95.49 | 94.53 | 0.9439 | 96.43 | 92.36 | 94.14 | 0.9439 | 95.09 | 93.40 | 94.14 | 0.9425 | 95.54 | 94.44 | 94.92 | 0.9499 |
Class 2.5 | 96.43 | 97.37 | 97.27 | 0.9690 | 85.71 | 98.90 | 97.46 | 0.9231 | 80.36 | 98.90 | 96.88 | 0.8963 | 85.71 | 99.56 | 98.05 | 0.9264 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 93.97 | 96.43 | 95.31 | 0.9520 | 93.97 | 97.86 | 96.09 | 0.9591 | 94.83 | 96.43 | 95.70 | 0.9563 | 95.69 | 97.86 | 96.88 | 96.77 |
Class 2 | 92.86 | 93.75 | 93.36 | 0.9330 | 94.64 | 93.75 | 94.14 | 0.9420 | 95.54 | 88.19 | 91.41 | 0.9187 | 92.86 | 93.75 | 93.36 | 93.30 |
Class 2.5 | 89.29 | 98.25 | 97.27 | 0.9377 | 89.29 | 98.25 | 97.27 | 0.9377 | 57.14 | 99.56 | 94.92 | 0.7835 | 82.14 | 97.37 | 95.70 | 89.76 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 97.41 | 94.29 | 95.70 | 0.9585 | 93.10 | 98.57 | 96.09 | 0.9584 | 94.83 | 95 | 94.92 | 0.9491 | 93.10 | 98.57 | 96.09 | 0.9584 |
Class 2 | 88.39 | 93.75 | 91.41 | 0.9107 | 93.75 | 89.58 | 91.41 | 0.9167 | 90.18 | 89.58 | 89.84 | 89.88 | 91.07 | 93.06 | 92.19 | 0.9206 |
Class 2.5 | 75 | 97.37 | 94.92 | 0.8618 | 71.43 | 97.37 | 94.53 | 0.8440 | 64.29 | 97.81 | 94.14 | 81.05 | 92.86 | 96.49 | 96.09 | 0.9467 |
Table 8.
Multi-class classification of RF from Ga dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 8.
Multi-class classification of RF from Ga dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 98.88 | 98.11 | 98.37 | 0.9850 | 97.76 | 99.11 | 98.66 | 0.9844 | 98.43 * | 99 * | 98.81 * | 0.9872 * | 96.20 | 98.89 | 98 | 0.9754 |
Class 2 | 95.33 | 95.56 | 95.47 | 0.9544 | 94.92 | 97.54 | 96.59 | 0.9623 | 95.53 | 97.19 | 96.59 | 0.9636 | 93.50 | 96.61 | 95.47 | 0.9505 |
Class 2.5 | 76.25 | 96.21 | 92.65 | 0.8623 | 91.67 | 97.02 | 96.07 | 0.9434 | 89.58 | 95.93 | 94.80 | 0.9276 | 89.17 | 94.94 | 93.91 | 0.9205 |
Class 3 | 78.57 | 97.96 | 95.55 | 0.8827 | 90.48 | 99.24 | 98.14 | 0.9486 | 80.95 | 99.32 | 97.03 | 0.9014 | 79.76 | 98.81 | 96.44 | 0.8929 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 97.76 | 99.67 | 99.03 | 0.9871 | 94.85 | 98.89 | 97.55 | 0.9687 | 96.20 | 97.78 | 97.25 | 0.9699 | 96.42 | 97.56 | 97.18 | 0.9699 |
Class 2 | 97.97 * | 97.78 * | 97.85 * | 0.9787 * | 96.14 | 96.02 | 96.07 | 0.9608 | 94.31 | 96.26 | 95.55 | 0.9528 | 90.04 | 96.96 | 94.43 | 0.9350 |
Class 2.5 | 89.17 | 98.28 | 96.66 | 0.9373 | 91.67 | 98.28 | 97.10 | 0.9498 | 90 | 97.29 | 95.99 | 0.9364 | 86.67 | 94.85 | 93.39 | 0.9076 |
Class 3 | 93.45 | 98.64 | 98 | 0.9605 | 94.05 * | 99.24 * | 98.59 * | 0.9664 * | 86.90 | 99.24 | 97.70 | 0.9307 | 82.14 | 98.13 | 96.14 | 0.9014 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 97.31 | 99 | 98.44 | 0.9815 | 96.63 | 99.50 | 98.55 | 0.9807 | 95.96 | 99 | 97.99 | 0.9748 | 98.98 | 98.17 | 98.10 | 0.9807 |
Class 2 | 93.90 | 98.24 | 96.66 | 0.9607 | 96.95 | 97.01 | 96.99 | 0.9698 | 96.04 | 96.13 | 96.10 | 0.9609 | 90.85 | 96.66 | 94.54 | 0.9376 |
Class 2.5 | 96.88 * | 96.88 * | 96.88 * | 0.9688 * | 92.50 | 97.83 | 96.88 | 0.9516 | 92.50 | 97.15 | 96.32 | 0.9483 | 87.50 | 95.79 | 94.31 | 0.9165 |
Class 3 | 91.96 | 99.82 | 98.66 | 0.9579 | 92.86 | 99.49 | 98.66 | 0.9617 | 88.39 | 99.87 | 98.44 | 0.9413 | 89.29 | 99.11 | 97.88 | 0.9420 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 98.32 | 98.33 | 98.33 | 0.9832 | 95.29 | 98.50 | 97.44 | 0.9689 | 93.94 | 98.67 | 97.10 | 0.9630 | 95.96 | 97.33 | 96.88 | 0.9665 |
Class 2 | 94.21 | 98.77 | 97.10 | 0.9649 | 92.38 | 97.01 | 95.32 | 0.9470 | 95.43 | 93.67 | 94.31 | 0.9455 | 91.16 | 94.73 | 93.42 | 0.9294 |
Class 2.5 | 87.50 | 97.96 | 96.10 | 0.9273 | 90.63 | 96.61 | 95.54 | 0.9362 | 83.75 | 95.93 | 93.76 | 0.8984 | 78.13 | 97.56 | 94.09 | 0.8784 |
Class 3 | 94.64 | 97.71 | 97.32 | 0.9617 | 91.96 | 98.47 | 97.66 | 0.9522 | 79.46 | 98.98 | 96.54 | 0.8922 | 95.54 | 97.83 | 97.55 | 0.9669 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 96.60 | 98.67 | 97.99 | 0.9763 | 95.24 | 99.67 | 98.21 | 0.9745 | 94.56 | 99.33 | 97.76 | 0.9695 | 93.20 | 98.33 | 96.64 | 0.9577 |
Class 2 | 96.34 | 96.47 | 96.42 | 0.9640 | 96.34 | 97.17 | 96.87 | 0.9676 | 96.34 | 92.58 | 93.96 | 0.9446 | 95.73 | 92.23 | 93.51 | 0.9398 |
Class 2.5 | 88.75 | 98.37 | 96.64 | 0.9356 | 96.25 | 97 | 96.87 | 0.9663 | 81.25 | 94.28 | 91.95 | 0.8776 | 77.50 | 97.28 | 93.74 | 0.8739 |
Class 3 | 92.86 | 98.98 | 98.21 | 0.9592 | 89.29 | 99.49 | 98.21 | 0.9439 | 69.64 | 99.49 | 95.75 | 0.8457 | 85.71 | 98.47 | 96.87 | 0.9209 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 93.20 | 97.33 | 95.97 | 0.9527 | 91.84 | 97.67 | 95.75 | 0.9475 | 93.88 | 97.67 | 96.42 | 0.9577 | 93.88 | 96.33 | 95.53 | 0.9511 |
Class 2 | 92.07 | 94.35 | 93.51 | 0.9321 | 88.41 | 94.35 | 92.17 | 0.9138 | 91.46 | 92.23 | 91.95 | 0.9184 | 85.98 | 93.29 | 90.60 | 0.8963 |
Class 2.5 | 80 | 97.55 | 94.41 | 0.8877 | 90 | 94.01 | 93.29 | 0.9200 | 81.25 | 92.64 | 90.60 | 0.8695 | 73.75 | 94.01 | 90.38 | 0.8388 |
Class 3 | 92.86 | 97.44 | 96.87 | 0.9515 | 82.14 | 98.98 | 96.87 | 0.9056 | 64.29 | 99.49 | 95.08 | 0.8189 | 82.14 | 97.19 | 95.30 | 0.8966 |
Table 9.
Multi-class classification of RF from Ju dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 9.
Multi-class classification of RF from Ju dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 96.98 | 99.35 | 98.93 | 0.9817 | 95.98 | 99.46 | 98.84 | 0.9772 | 95.48 | 99.57 | 98.84 | 0.9752 | 94.97 | 99.13 | 98.39 | 0.9705 |
Class 2 | 94.89 | 98.31 | 97.23 | 0.9660 | 97.16 | 97.79 | 97.59 | 0.9747 | 97.73 * | 97.40 * | 97.50 * | 0.9756 * | 96.59 | 95.70 | 95.98 | 0.9615 |
Class 2.5 | 95.43 | 94.70 | 95 | 0.9507 | 96.30 | 95.45 | 95.80 | 0.9588 | 95.87 * | 96.36 * | 96.16 * | 0.9612 * | 94.13 | 92.12 | 92.95 | 0.9313 |
Class 3 | 78.90 | 98.62 | 96.70 | 0.8876 | 77.06 | 99.21 | 97.05 | 0.8814 | 81.65 | 99.21 | 97.50 | 0.9043 | 56.88 | 99.70 | 95.54 | 0.7829 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 97.99 * | 99.24 * | 99.02 * | 0.9861 * | 92.96 | 99.24 | 98.13 | 0.9610 | 93.97 | 98.81 | 97.95 | 0.9639 | 90.95 | 98.91 | 97.50 | 0.9493 |
Class 2 | 93.47 | 98.44 | 96.88 | 0.9595 | 91.48 | 97.14 | 95.36 | 0.9431 | 95.74 | 94.53 | 94.91 | 0.9513 | 93.75 | 95.05 | 94.64 | 0.9440 |
Class 2.5 | 94.13 | 96.82 | 95.71 | 0.9547 | 95.65 | 94.39 | 94.91 | 0.9502 | 89.57 | 97.88 | 94.46 | 0.9372 | 91.74 | 96.97 | 94.82 | 0.9435 |
Class 3 | 95.41 | 98.12 | 97.86 | 0.9677 | 87.16 | 98.81 | 97.68 | 0.9298 | 90.83 | 98.22 | 97.50 | 0.9452 | 92.66 | 98.22 | 97.68 | 0.9544 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 96.12 | 99.17 | 98.63 | 0.9765 | 96.90 | 99.33 | 98.90 | 0.9812 | 93.02 | 99.50 | 98.36 | 0.9626 | 89.15 | 99.17 | 97.40 | 0.9416 |
Class 2 | 95.63 | 97.41 | 96.85 | 0.9652 | 95.63 | 97.60 | 96.99 | 0.9662 | 95.63 | 96.41 | 96.16 | 09602 | 95.20 | 96.21 | 95.89 | 0.9570 |
Class 2.5 | 93 | 96.98 | 95.34 | 0.9499 | 94 | 97.91 | 96.30 | 0.9595 | 95.67 | 96.51 | 96.16 | 0.9609 | 94.67 | 96.28 | 95.62 | 0.9547 |
Class 3 | 88.89 | 98.02 | 97.12 | 0.9346 | 95.83 * | 98.48 * | 98.22 * | 0.9716 * | 90.28 | 99.54 | 98.63 | 0.9491 | 86.11 | 98.33 | 97.12 | 0.9222 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 93.02 | 99.17 | 98.08 | 0.9610 | 88.37 | 99 | 97.12 | 0.9369 | 90.70 | 99.67 | 98.08 | 0.9518 | 84.50 | 97.50 | 95.21 | 0.9100 |
Class 2 | 94.32 | 95.41 | 95.07 | 0.9487 | 93.01 | 94.81 | 94.25 | 0.9391 | 96.94 | 94.61 | 95.34 | 0.9578 | 84.72 | 94.21 | 91.23 | 0.8946 |
Class 2.5 | 91.67 | 96.74 | 94.66 | 0.9421 | 94.33 | 94.88 | 94.66 | 0.9461 | 93.33 | 93.72 | 93.56 | 0.9353 | 94.33 | 92.79 | 93.42 | 0.9356 |
Class 3 | 91.67 | 98.33 | 97.67 | 0.9500 | 83.33 | 99.09 | 97.53 | 0.9121 | 69.44 | 99.24 | 96.30 | 0.8434 | 84.72 | 98.78 | 97.40 | 0.9175 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 86.21 | 99.63 | 97.28 | 0.9292 | 86.21 | 99.27 | 96.98 | 0.9274 | 87.93 | 100 | 97.89 | 0.9397 | 93.10 | 97.07 | 96.37 | 0.9509 |
Class 2 | 96.12 | 93.42 | 94.26 | 0.9477 | 95.15 | 93.86 | 94.26 | 0.9450 | 89.32 | 95.61 | 93.66 | 0.9247 | 87.38 | 93.86 | 91.84 | 0.9062 |
Class 2.5 | 90.37 | 97.45 | 94.56 | 0.9391 | 92.59 | 96.43 | 94.86 | 0.9451 | 97.04 | 86.73 | 90.94 | 0.9189 | 90.37 | 95.41 | 93.35 | 0.9289 |
Class 3 | 94.29 | 97.97 | 97.58 | 0.9613 | 88.57 | 98.65 | 97.58 | 0.9361 | 57.14 | 99.66 | 95.17 | 0.7840 | 88.57 | 98.99 | 97.89 | 0.9378 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 84.48 | 98.17 | 95.77 | 0.9133 | 82.76 | 98.90 | 96.07 | 0.9083 | 86.21 | 98.17 | 96.07 | 0.9219 | 82.76 | 98.17 | 95.47 | 0.9046 |
Class 2 | 91.26 | 93.86 | 93.05 | 0.9256 | 86.41 | 92.98 | 90.94 | 0.8970 | 91.26 | 92.54 | 92.15 | 0.9190 | 88.35 | 92.98 | 91.54 | 0.9067 |
Class 2.5 | 94.81 | 95.41 | 95.17 | 0.9511 | 93.33 | 91.84 | 92.45 | 0.9259 | 90.37 | 89.80 | 90.03 | 0.9008 | 87.41 | 93.88 | 91.24 | 0.9064 |
Class 3 | 88.57 | 99.66 | 98.49 | 0.9412 | 85.71 | 98.99 | 97.58 | 0.9235 | 54.29 | 98.65 | 93.96 | 0.7647 | 85.71 | 96.28 | 95.17 | 0.9100 |
Table 10.
Multi-class classification of RF from Si dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 10.
Multi-class classification of RF from Si dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 97.99 | 97.86 | 97.92 | 0.9792 | 97.92 | 97.41 | 98.33 | 0.9787 | 99.43 * | 97.86 * | 98.57 * | 0.9864 * | 96.26 | 97.14 | 96.74 | 0.9670 |
Class 2 | 95.24 | 94.21 | 94.66 | 0.9473 | 95.96 | 95.54 | 96.30 | 0.9592 | 95.83 * | 97.22 * | 96.61 * | 0.9653 * | 95.24 | 89.58 | 92.06 | 0.9241 |
Class 2.5 | 77.38 | 98.83 | 96.48 | 0.8811 | 97.79 | 90.48 | 98.68 | 0.9458 | 88.10 | 99.27 | 98.05 | 0.9368 | 59.52 | 99.12 | 94.79 | 0.7932 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 98.28 | 97.38 | 97.79 | 0.9783 | 94.25 | 99.29 | 97.01 | 0.9677 | 97.99 | 96.19 | 97.01 | 0.9709 | 96.84 | 96.90 | 96.88 | 0.9687 |
Class 2 | 92.26 | 97.45 | 95.18 | 0.9486 | 98.21 | 93.75 | 95.70 | 0.9598 | 95.24 | 95.83 | 95.57 | 0.9554 | 88.10 | 96.06 | 92.58 | 0.9208 |
Class 2.5 | 92.86 | 97.66 | 97.14 | 0.9526 | 90.48 | 99.42 | 98.44 | 0.9495 | 85.71 | 99.85 | 98.31 | 0.9278 | 91.67 | 95.91 | 95.44 | 0.9379 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 97.41 | 97.86 | 97.66 | 0.9764 | 98.28 | 97.86 | 98.05 | 0.9807 | 95.26 | 98.57 | 97.07 | 0.9692 | 98.28 | 97.14 | 97.66 | 0.9771 |
Class 2 | 92.41 | 92.71 | 92.58 | 0.9256 | 95.09 | 96.53 | 95.90 | 0.9581 | 96.88 | 93.40 | 94.92 | 0.9514 | 92.86 | 95.49 | 94.34 | 0.9417 |
Class 2.5 | 71.43 | 97.37 | 94.53 | 0.8440 | 89.29 | 98.90 | 97.85 | 0.9409 | 85.71 | 99.34 | 97.85 | 0.9253 | 82.14 | 98.03 | 96.29 | 0.9008 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 96.98 | 96.07 | 96.48 | 0.9653 | 93.53 | 97.86 | 95.90 | 0.9570 | 96.55 | 94.64 | 95.51 | 0.9560 | 94.40 | 95.36 | 94.92 | 0.9488 |
Class 2 | 93.30 | 96.53 | 95.12 | 0.9492 | 93.75 | 94.10 | 93.95 | 0.9392 | 90.63 | 94.44 | 92.77 | 0.9253 | 90.18 | 94.44 | 92.58 | 0.9231 |
Class 2.5 | 92.86 | 98.90 | 98.24 | 0.9588 | 94.64 * | 98.03 * | 97.66 * | 0.9633 * | 83.93 | 98.46 | 96.88 | 0.9120 | 92.86 | 97.81 | 97.27 | 0.9533 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 89.66 | 99.29 | 94.92 | 0.9447 | 93.10 | 97.86 | 95.70 | 0.9548 | 93.10 | 95 | 94.14 | 0.9405 | 91.38 | 92.86 | 92.19 | 0.9212 |
Class 2 | 97.32 | 88.19 | 92.19 | 0.9276 | 96.43 | 90.97 | 93.36 | 0.9370 | 91.07 | 90.28 | 90.63 | 0.9067 | 86.61 | 92.36 | 89.84 | 0.8948 |
Class 2.5 | 78.57 | 98.68 | 96.48 | 0.8863 | 78.57 | 99.12 | 96.88 | 0.8885 | 75 | 98.25 | 95.70 | 0.8662 | 92.86 | 97.37 | 96.88 | 0.9511 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 96.55 | 95.71 | 96.09 | 0.9613 | 90.52 | 97.14 | 94.14 | 0.9383 | 95.69 | 94.29 | 94.92 | 0.9499 | 92.24 | 97.14 | 94.92 | 0.9469 |
Class 2 | 88.39 | 93.75 | 91.41 | 0.9107 | 91.96 | 89.58 | 90.63 | 0.9077 | 91.96 | 87.50 | 89.45 | 0.8973 | 88.39 | 93.75 | 91.41 | 0.9107 |
Class 2.5 | 78.57 | 96.49 | 94.53 | 0.8753 | 82.14 | 97.37 | 95.70 | 0.8976 | 50 | 99.12 | 93.75 | 0.7456 | 96.43 | 95.61 | 95.70 | 0.9602 |
Table 11.
Multi-class classification of CF Ga Dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 11.
Multi-class classification of CF Ga Dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 96.42 | 98.56 | 97.85 | 0.9749 | 97.32 | 99.44 | 98.74 | 0.9838 | 96.87 | 99.44 | 98.59 | 0.9816 | 96.20 | 99.33 | 98.29 | 0.9777 |
Class 2 | 94.51 | 95.91 | 95.40 | 0.9521 | 94.11 | 97.54 | 96.29 | 0.9582 | 97.15 | 95.67 | 96.21 | 0.9641 | 94.51 | 95.56 | 95.17 | 0.9503 |
Class 2.5 | 90.42 | 93.95 | 93.32 | 0.9218 | 92.92 | 96.21 | 95.62 | 0.9456 | 87.92 | 96.48 | 94.95 | 0.9220 | 81.67 | 94.94 | 92.58 | 0.8830 |
Class 3 | 68.45 | 99.66 | 95.77 | 0.8406 | 89.29 | 99.32 | 98.07 | 0.9430 | 82.14 | 99.49 | 97.33 | 0.9082 | 80.36 | 98.22 | 95.99 | 08929 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 97.99 | 99.44 | 98.96 | 0.9872 | 95.53 | 98.78 | 97.70 | 0.9715 | 96.87 | 97.78 | 97.48 | 0.9732 | 96.87 | 99.22 | 98.44 | 0.9805 |
Class 2 | 96.54 | 98.48 | 97.77 | 0.9751 | 94.92 | 96.02 | 95.62 | 0.9547 | 94.51 | 95.56 | 95.17 | 0.9503 | 94.51 | 96.84 | 95.99 | 0.9568 |
Class 2.5 | 92.50 | 98.28 | 97.25 | 0.9539 | 90.42 | 97.56 | 96.29 | 0.9399 | 85 | 98.46 | 96.07 | 0.9173 | 92.08 | 96.75 | 95.92 | 0.9442 |
Class 3 | 95.83 | 98.81 | 98.44 | 0.9732 | 92.26 | 99.24 | 98.37 | 0.9575 | 94.05 | 98.98 | 98.37 | 0.9651 | 90.48 | 99.49 | 98.37 | 0.9498 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 95.96 | 97.67 | 97.10 | 0.9681 | 97.64 | 99.17 | 98.66 | 0.9840 | 96.63 | 99.17 | 98.33 | 0.9790 | 92.59 | 98.83 | 96.77 | 0.9571 |
Class 2 | 92.99 | 96.31 | 95.09 | 0.9465 | 92.99 | 98.42 | 96.43 | 0.9570 | 93.60 | 97.01 | 95.76 | 0.9530 | 92.68 | 94.90 | 94.09 | 0.9379 |
Class 2.5 | 87.50 | 96.34 | 94.76 | 0.9192 | 90 | 96.07 | 94.98 | 0.9303 | 88.75 | 94.44 | 93.42 | 0.9159 | 83.13 | 94.30 | 92.31 | 0.8871 |
Class 3 | 83.93 | 98.60 | 96.77 | 0.9126 | 91.07 | 98.34 | 97.44 | 0.9471 | 77.68 | 98.60 | 95.99 | 0.8814 | 77.68 | 97.45 | 94.98 | 0.8757 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 98.65 * | 99 * | 98.89 * | 0.9883 * | 97.31 | 99.17 | 98.55 | 0.9824 | 96.30 | 97.50 | 97.10 | 0.9690 | 96.63 | 99.17 | 98.33 | 0.9790 |
Class 2 | 96.65 * | 98.42 * | 97.77 * | 0.9753 * | 96.04 | 97.54 | 96.99 | 0.9679 | 94.82 | 94.38 | 94.54 | 0.9460 | 95.43 | 97.72 | 96.88 | 0.9657 |
Class 2.5 | 91.88 * | 99.19 * | 97.88 * | 0.9553 * | 92.50 | 97.69 | 96.77 | 0.9510 | 83.13 | 97.29 | 94.76 | 0.9021 | 90 | 96.20 | 95.09 | 0.9310 |
Class 3 | 99.11 * | 98.98 * | 99 * | 0.9904 * | 91.96 | 99.24 | 98.33 | 0.9560 | 83.93 | 90.24 | 97.32 | 0.9158 | 83.93 | 98.34 | 96.54 | 0.9114 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 91.16 | 96.67 | 94.85 | 0.9391 | 93.20 | 97.67 | 96.20 | 0.9543 | 91.84 | 99.33 | 96.87 | 0.9559 | 91.84 | 97.33 | 95.53 | 0.9459 |
Class 2 | 87.20 | 90.81 | 89.49 | 0.8900 | 90.85 | 93.99 | 92.84 | 0.9242 | 94.51 | 92.58 | 93.29 | 0.9355 | 89.02 | 93.64 | 91.95 | 0.9133 |
Class 2.5 | 70 | 95.10 | 90.60 | 0.8255 | 87.50 | 95.10 | 93.74 | 0.9130 | 82.50 | 95.10 | 92.84 | 0.8880 | 85 | 95.10 | 93.29 | 0.9005 |
Class 3 | 87.50 | 97.19 | 95.97 | 0.9234 | 82.14 | 99.23 | 97.09 | 0.9069 | 80.36 | 98.72 | 96.42 | 0.8954 | 89.29 | 98.98 | 97.76 | 0.9413 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 95.24 | 97.67 | 96.87 | 0.9645 | 92.52 | 98.33 | 96.42 | 0.9543 | 93.88 | 97.33 | 96.20 | 0.9561 | 95.92 | 94.67 | 95.08 | 0.9529 |
Class 2 | 91.46 | 96.11 | 94.41 | 0.9379 | 93.29 | 94.70 | 94.18 | 0.9400 | 94.51 | 93.64 | 93.96 | 0.9408 | 84.76 | 96.47 | 92.17 | 0.9061 |
Class 2.5 | 85 | 96.73 | 94.63 | 0.9087 | 85 | 95.91 | 93.96 | 0.9046 | 87.50 | 94.82 | 93.51 | 0.9116 | 91.25 | 95.10 | 94.41 | 0.9317 |
Class 3 | 91.07 | 97.95 | 97.09 | 0.9451 | 83.93 | 97.95 | 96.20 | 0.9094 | 67.86 | 99.74 | 95.75 | 0.8380 | 83.93 | 99.23 | 97.32 | 0.9158 |
Table 12.
Multi-class classification of CF from Ju dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 12.
Multi-class classification of CF from Ju dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 93.97 | 99.02 | 98.13 | 0.9650 | 96.48 | 99.57 | 99.02 | 0.9802 | 95.48 | 99.89 | 99.11 | 0.9768 | 94.47 | 99.57 | 98.66 | 0.9702 |
Class 2 | 92.05 | 97.79 | 95.98 | 0.9492 | 96.02 * | 98.18 * | 97.50 * | 0.9710 * | 94.60 | 98.31 | 97.14 | 0.9645 | 94.03 | 97.14 | 96.16 | 0.9558 |
Class 2.5 | 96.09 | 93.18 | 94.38 | 0.9463 | 97.39 | 96.21 | 96.70 | 0.9680 | 98.26 | 93.33 | 95.36 | 0.9580 | 92.61 | 93.18 | 92.95 | 0.9290 |
Class 3 | 77.06 | 98.81 | 96.70 | 0.8794 | 86.24 | 99.51 | 98.21 | 0.9287 | 77.06 | 99.70 | 97.50 | 0.8838 | 74.31 | 97.73 | 95.45 | 0.8602 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 98.49 * | 98.91 * | 98.84 * | 0.9870 * | 93.47 | 99.02 | 98.04 | 0.9625 | 96.98 | 98.26 | 98.04 | 0.9762 | 91.96 | 98.70 | 97.50 | 0.9533 |
Class 2 | 93.18 | 98.83 | 97.05 | 0.9600 | 94.32 | 96.22 | 95.63 | 0.9527 | 93.47 | 95.70 | 95 | 0.9458 | 92.33 | 96.48 | 95.18 | 0.9441 |
Class 2.5 | 96.52 * | 97.88 * | 97.32 * | 0.9720 * | 94.35 | 97.12 | 95.98 | 0.9573 | 93.48 | 97.12 | 95.63 | 0.9530 | 96.09 | 96.52 | 96.34 | 0.9630 |
Class 3 | 100 * | 99.01 * | 99.11 * | 0.9951 * | 92.66 | 99.01 | 98.39 | 0.9584 | 88.99 | 99.70 | 98.66 | 0.9435 | 93.58 | 99.41 | 98.84 | 0.9649 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 96.12 | 98.67 | 98.22 | 0.9740 | 95.35 | 99.33 | 96.83 | 0.9734 | 92.25 | 99.50 | 98.22 | 0.9587 | 92.25 | 98.84 | 97.67 | 0.9554 |
Class 2 | 93.89 | 96.21 | 95.48 | 0.9505 | 94.32 | 97.41 | 96.44 | 0.9586 | 94.32 | 97.21 | 96.30 | 0.9576 | 93.01 | 97.21 | 95.89 | 0.9511 |
Class 2.5 | 92 | 96.28 | 94.52 | 0.9414 | 93.67 | 94.65 | 94.25 | 0.9416 | 96.67 | 92.79 | 94.38 | 0.9473 | 93.33 | 94.42 | 93.97 | 0.9388 |
Class 3 | 87.50 | 98.63 | 97.53 | 0.9307 | 80.56 | 98.18 | 96.44 | 0.8937 | 70.83 | 99.09 | 96.30 | 0.8496 | 79.17 | 97.57 | 95.75 | 0.8837 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 95.35 | 98.34 | 97.81 | 0.9684 | 88.37 | 99.50 | 97.53 | 0.9394 | 93.02 | 98.50 | 97.53 | 0.9576 | 86.82 | 97 | 95.21 | 0.9191 |
Class 2 | 92.58 | 98 | 96.30 | 0.9529 | 92.58 | 95.01 | 94.25 | 0.9379 | 92.58 | 94.21 | 93.70 | 0.9339 | 86.90 | 94.61 | 92.19 | 0.9076 |
Class 2.5 | 94 | 97.44 | 96.03 | 0.9572 | 94.33 | 95.35 | 94.93 | 0.9484 | 92.33 | 93.02 | 92.74 | 0.9268 | 93.33 | 95.81 | 94.79 | 0.9457 |
Class 3 | 94.44 | 97.87 | 97.53 | 0.9616 | 91.67 | 98.94 | 98.22 | 0.9530 | 69.44 | 99.54 | 96.58 | 0.8449 | 91.67 | 98.48 | 97.81 | 0.9507 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 89.66 | 98.53 | 96.98 | 0.9409 | 81.03 | 100 | 96.68 | 0.9052 | 70.69 | 100 | 94.86 | 0.8534 | 93.10 | 99.27 | 98.19 | 0.9619 |
Class 2 | 89.32 | 93.42 | 92.15 | 0.9137 | 96.12 | 92.11 | 93.35 | 0.9411 | 92.23 | 91.67 | 91.84 | 0.9195 | 92.23 | 95.18 | 94.26 | 0.9370 |
Class 2.5 | 86.67 | 94.39 | 91.24 | 0.9053 | 90.37 | 95.92 | 93.66 | 0.9314 | 96.30 | 89.29 | 92.15 | 0.9279 | 86.67 | 94.90 | 91.54 | 0.9078 |
Class 3 | 88.57 | 96.96 | 96.07 | 0.9277 | 91.43 | 98.31 | 97.58 | 0.9487 | 68.57 | 99.66 | 96.37 | 0.8412 | 88.57 | 96.28 | 95.47 | 0.9243 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 91.38 | 98.17 | 96.98 | 0.9477 | 84.48 | 100 | 97.28 | 0.9224 | 94.83 | 98.90 | 98.19 | 0.9686 | 93.10 | 99.27 | 98.19 | 0.9619 |
Class 2 | 93.20 | 96.05 | 95.17 | 0.9463 | 93.20 | 95.18 | 94.56 | 0.9419 | 95.15 | 91.67 | 92.75 | 0.9341 | 95.15 | 94.74 | 94.86 | 0.9494 |
Class 2.5 | 92.59 | 96.43 | 94.86 | 0.9451 | 93.33 | 93.88 | 93.66 | 0.9361 | 85.93 | 92.35 | 89.73 | 0.8914 | 89.63 | 94.39 | 92.45 | 0.9201 |
Class 3 | 85.71 | 97.97 | 96.68 | 0.9184 | 85.71 | 97.64 | 96.37 | 0.9167 | 62.86 | 98.99 | 95.17 | 0.8092 | 80 | 98.31 | 96.37 | 0.8916 |
Table 13.
Multi-class classification of CF from Si dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 13.
Multi-class classification of CF from Si dataset for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 97.41 | 95.71 | 96.48 | 0.9656 | 96.84 | 97.62 | 97.27 | 0.9723 | 97.13 | 98.57 | 97.92 | 0.9785 | 93.97 | 99.29 | 96.88 | 0.9663 |
Class 2 | 92.56 | 94.68 | 93.75 | 0.9362 | 94.94 | 95.37 | 95.18 | 0.9516 | 97.02 | 93.52 | 95.05 | 0.9527 | 97.02 | 90.05 | 93.10 | 0.9354 |
Class 2.5 | 82.14 | 98.83 | 97.01 | 0.9049 | 89.29 | 98.98 | 97.92 | 0.9413 | 78.57 | 99.42 | 97.14 | 0.8899 | 72.62 | 98.83 | 95.96 | 0.8572 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 97.41 * | 99.52 * | 98.57 * | 0.9847 * | 95.98 | 97.62 | 96.88 | 0.9680 | 99.14 | 95.24 | 97.01 | 0.9719 | 97.13 | 97.14 | 97.14 | 0.9713 |
Class 2 | 94.94 * | 97.69 * | 96.48 * | 0.9631 * | 95.24 | 96.06 | 95.70 | 0.9565 | 93.45 | 97.45 | 95.70 | 0.9545 | 93.15 | 96.06 | 94.79 | 0.9461 |
Class 2.5 | 97.62 | 97.66 | 97.66 | 0.9764 | 95.24 | 98.98 | 98.57 | 0.9711 | 89.29 | 99.56 | 98.44 | 0.9442 | 90.48 | 98.25 | 97.40 | 0.9436 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 94.83 | 95.71 | 95.31 | 0.9527 | 97.41 | 97.50 | 97.46 | 0.9746 | 94.83 | 97.50 | 96.29 | 0.9616 | 93.97 | 98.57 | 96.48 | 0.9627 |
Class 2 | 93.30 | 93.75 | 93.55 | 0.9353 | 92.86 | 96.53 | 94.92 | 0.9469 | 91.96 | 94.10 | 93.16 | 0.9303 | 94.64 | 91.67 | 92.97 | 0.9315 |
Class 2.5 | 89.29 | 99.34 | 98.24 | 0.9431 | 92.86 | 98.03 | 97.46 | 0.9544 | 91.07 | 97.59 | 96.88 | 0.9433 | 80.36 | 98.03 | 96.09 | 0.8919 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 99.14 | 95.71 | 97.27 | 0.9743 | 94.83 | 96.43 | 95.70 | 0.9563 | 96.12 | 95 | 95.51 | 0.9556 | 94.83 | 99.29 | 97.27 | 0.9706 |
Class 2 | 89.73 | 99.31 | 95.12 | 0.9452 | 91.96 | 95.14 | 93.75 | 0.9355 | 93.30 | 92.71 | 92.97 | 0.9301 | 96.88 | 92.36 | 94.34 | 0.9462 |
Class 2.5 | 98.21 * | 97.37 * | 97.46 * | 0.9779 * | 94.64 | 98.03 | 97.66 | 0.9633 | 76.79 | 99.56 | 97.07 | 0.8817 | 80.36 | 98.68 | 96.68 | 0.8952 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 90.52 | 95.71 | 93.36 | 0.9312 | 96.55 | 97.86 | 97.27 | 0.9720 | 93.97 | 100 | 97.27 | 0.9698 | 90.52 | 93.57 | 92.19 | 0.9204 |
Class 2 | 92.86 | 89.58 | 91.02 | 0.9122 | 93.75 | 92.36 | 92.97 | 0.9306 | 97.32 | 91.67 | 94.14 | 0.9449 | 89.29 | 90.28 | 89.84 | 0.8978 |
Class 2.5 | 82.14 | 98.68 | 96.88 | 0.9041 | 75 | 98.25 | 95.70 | 0.8662 | 82.14 | 98.68 | 96.88 | 0.9041 | 85.71 | 98.25 | 96.88 | 0.9198 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 93.10 | 97.86 | 95.70 | 0.9548 | 93.97 | 97.86 | 96.09 | 0.9591 | 95.69 | 96.43 | 96.09 | 0.9606 | 91.38 | 93.57 | 92.58 | 0.9248 |
Class 2 | 93.75 | 93.75 | 93.75 | 0.9375 | 92.86 | 91.67 | 92.19 | 0.9226 | 95.54 | 90.28 | 92.58 | 0.9291 | 90.18 | 90.28 | 90.23 | 0.9023 |
Class 2.5 | 92.86 | 97.81 | 97.27 | 0.9533 | 78.57 | 97.37 | 95.31 | 0.8797 | 64.29 | 99.56 | 95.70 | 0.8192 | 82.14 | 98.68 | 96.88 | 0.9041 |
Table 14.
Multi-class classification of LF from all datasets for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 14.
Multi-class classification of LF from all datasets for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 92.15 | 94.56 | 93.82 | 0.9335 | 93.86 | 96.88 | 95.95 | 0.9537 | 94.27 * | 97.68 * | 96.63 * | 0.9597 * | 94.37 | 95.58 | 95.21 | 0.9497 |
Class 2 | 81.61 | 89.49 | 86.62 | 0.8555 | 84.92 | 95.09 | 91.38 | 0.9000 | 87.63 * | 94.06 * | 91.72 * | 0.9085 * | 76.27 | 90.51 | 85.32 | 0.8339 |
Class 2.5 | 77.81 | 92.37 | 88.84 | 0.8509 | 91.45 * | 93.35 * | 92.89 * | 0.9240 * | 89.16 | 93.96 | 92.80 | 0.9156 | 79.21 | 88.82 | 86.49 | 0.8402 |
Class 3 | 66.79 | 98.78 | 96.04 | 0.8278 | 80.14 | 99.09 | 97.47 | 0.8962 | 80.51 | 99.32 | 97.71 | 0.8991 | 66.43 | 99.19 | 96.38 | 0.8281 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 88.63 | 93.62 | 92.09 | 0.9113 | 90.14 | 94.20 | 92.95 | 92.17 | 80.68 | 96.12 | 91.38 | 0.8840 | 85.61 | 93.40 | 91 | 0.8950 |
Class 2 | 75.25 | 86.86 | 82.63 | 0.8106 | 75.59 | 87.45 | 83.12 | 81.52 | 79.49 | 82.29 | 81.27 | 0.8089 | 74.24 | 82.77 | 79.66 | 0.7851 |
Class 2.5 | 75.64 | 92.53 | 88.44 | 0.8409 | 75.38 | 92.17 | 88.10 | 83.77 | 76.15 | 91.64 | 87.88 | 0.8389 | 66.20 | 92.86 | 86.40 | 0.7953 |
Class 3 | 87.73 | 98.85 | 97.90 | 0.9329 | 87.73 | 98.88 | 97.93 | 93.31 | 82.31 | 99.53 | 98.05 | 0.9092 | 93.14 * | 98.17 * | 97.74 * | 0.9566 * |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 86.02 | 94.46 | 91.87 | 0.9024 | 92.40 | 95.34 | 94.44 | 0.9387 | 91.19 | 96.42 | 94.81 | 0.9380 | 86.02 | 94.60 | 91.96 | 0.9031 |
Class 2 | 78.87 | 88.81 | 85.18 | 0.8384 | 84.25 | 92.78 | 89.67 | 0.8852 | 87.96 | 91.46 | 90.18 | 0.8971 | 76.70 | 88 | 83.87 | 0.8235 |
Class 2.5 | 83.53 | 90.33 | 88.69 | 0.8693 | 86.05 | 95.13 | 92.94 | 0.9059 | 85.47 | 94.45 | 92.29 | 0.8996 | 76.16 | 91.44 | 87.75 | 0.8380 |
Class 3 | 60.33 | 98.77 | 95.47 | 0.7955 | 86.41 | 98.77 | 97.71 | 0.9259 | 73.37 | 99.13 | 96.91 | 0.8625 | 81.52 | 97.49 | 96.12 | 0.8951 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 86.02 | 93.11 | 90.93 | 0.8957 | 84.50 | 95.81 | 92.33 | 0.9016 | 89.21 | 94.80 | 93.08 | 0.9201 | 88.91 | 90.34 | 89.90 | 0.8963 |
Class 2 | 64.40 | 86.60 | 78.49 | 0.7550 | 77.98 | 83.58 | 81.53 | 0.8078 | 79.51 | 81.96 | 81.07 | 0.8074 | 68.76 | 82.70 | 77.81 | 0.7573 |
Class 2.5 | 76.74 | 87.31 | 84.76 | 0.8203 | 70.93 | 91.19 | 86.30 | 0.8106 | 64.92 | 91.37 | 84.99 | 0.7815 | 62.98 | 91.62 | 84.71 | 0.7730 |
Class 3 | 84.24 | 98.52 | 97.29 | 0.9138 | 82.07 | 98.52 | 97.10 | 0.9029 | 69.02 | 99.64 | 97.01 | 0.8433 | 80.98 | 98.52 | 97.01 | 0.8975 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 83.80 | 96.91 | 92.84 | 0.9036 | 89.41 | 96.63 | 94.39 | 0.9302 | 86.92 | 96.49 | 93.52 | 0.9170 | 82.87 | 94.81 | 91.10 | 0.8884 |
Class 2 | 80.47 | 83.97 | 82.69 | 0.8222 | 84.70 | 86.72 | 85.98 | 0.8571 | 86.28 | 85.65 | 85.88 | 0.8596 | 80.47 | 83.05 | 82.11 | 0.8176 |
Class 2.5 | 64.20 | 91.40 | 85.01 | 0.7780 | 76.54 | 92.54 | 88.78 | 0.8454 | 76.13 | 91.91 | 88.20 | 0.8402 | 67.49 | 91.91 | 86.17 | 0.7970 |
Class 3 | 83.52 | 96.50 | 95.36 | 0.9001 | 72.53 | 99.58 | 97.20 | 0.8605 | 59.34 | 99.36 | 95.84 | 0.7935 | 72.53 | 97.77 | 95.55 | 0.8515 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 75.70 | 94.39 | 88.59 | 0.8505 | 83.18 | 94.25 | 90.81 | 0.8871 | 79.44 | 94.95 | 90.14 | 0.8720 | 83.18 | 88.50 | 86.85 | 0.8584 |
Class 2 | 68.60 | 78.32 | 74.76 | 0.7346 | 76.52 | 80.15 | 78.82 | 0.7833 | 70.18 | 80.15 | 76.50 | 0.7517 | 58.31 | 80.61 | 72.44 | 0.6946 |
Class 2.5 | 62.55 | 87.74 | 81.82 | 0.7514 | 61.32 | 89.25 | 82.69 | 0.7529 | 67.49 | 86.22 | 81.82 | 0.7685 | 60.08 | 86.85 | 80.56 | 0.7347 |
Class 3 | 82.42 | 97.35 | 96.03 | 0.8988 | 57.14 | 97.88 | 94.29 | 0.7751 | 63.74 | 98.30 | 95.26 | 0.8102 | 71.43 | 97.67 | 95.36 | 0.8455 |
Table 15.
Multi-class classification of RF from all datasets for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 15.
Multi-class classification of RF from all datasets for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 92.05 | 94.42 | 93.69 | 0.9324 | 94.97 * | 96.34 * | 95.92 * | 0.9566 * | 93.66 | 97.59 | 96.38 | 0.9563 | 90.64 | 95.31 | 93.88 | 0.9298 |
Class 2 | 84.58 | 90.80 | 88.53 | 0.8769 | 83.98 | 95.04 | 91 | 0.8951 | 87.88 * | 93.72 * | 91.59 * | 0.9080 * | 71.69 | 89.88 | 83.25 | 0.8079 |
Class 2.5 | 82.40 | 94.57 | 91.62 | 0.8849 | 89.67 | 93.06 | 92.24 | 0.9137 | 88.65 | 93.64 | 92.43 | 0.9114 | 80.74 | 87.03 | 85.50 | 0.8388 |
Class 3 | 72.56 | 99.05 | 96.79 | 0.8581 | 77.26 | 99.02 | 97.16 | 0.8814 | 75.81 | 99.22 | 97.22 | 0.8752 | 68.23 | 98.82 | 96.20 | 0.8352 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 89.64 | 92.59 | 91.68 | 0.9112 | 89.54 | 95.09 | 93.38 | 0.9231 | 88.73 | 93.98 | 92.36 | 0.9135 | 82.90 | 93.84 | 90.48 | 88.37 |
Class 2 | 67.12 | 90.27 | 81.82 | 0.7869 | 80.34 | 86.47 | 84.23 | 0.8341 | 73.90 | 85.11 | 81.02 | 0.7950 | 70.34 | 82.82 | 78.27 | 76.58 |
Class 2.5 | 77.42 | 90.37 | 87.23 | 0.8390 | 74.49 | 93.51 | 88.90 | 0.8400 | 71.17 | 91.19 | 86.34 | 0.8118 | 73.21 | 88.98 | 85.16 | 81.10 |
Class 3 | 94.95 * | 97.30 * | 97.09 * | 0.9612 * | 86.64 | 99.12 | 98.05 | 0.9288 | 84.48 | 98.92 | 97.68 | 0.9170 | 79.42 | 99.12 | 97.43 | 89.27 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 91.79 | 94.73 | 93.83 | 0.9326 | 92.40 | 96.49 | 95.23 | 0.9445 | 90.12 | 97.84 | 95.47 | 0.9398 | 90.58 | 95.41 | 93.92 | 0.9299 |
Class 2 | 80.54 | 91.02 | 87.19 | 0.8578 | 85.53 | 94.18 | 91.02 | 0.8986 | 91.04 | 90.43 | 90.65 | 0.9073 | 78.36 | 90.65 | 86.16 | 0.8450 |
Class 2.5 | 82.95 | 92.36 | 90.09 | 0.8765 | 89.53 * | 94.82 * | 93.55 * | 0.9218 * | 84.88 | 94.89 | 92.47 | 0.8988 | 79.65 | 91.99 | 89.01 | 0.8582 |
Class 3 | 73.37 | 99.03 | 96.82 | 0.8620 | 87.50 | 98.72 | 97.76 | 0.9311 | 75.54 | 99.34 | 97.29 | 0.8744 | 83.15 | 97.85 | 96.59 | 0.9050 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 83.28 | 93.65 | 90.46 | 0.8847 | 85.26 | 96.69 | 93.17 | 0.9097 | 86.63 | 94.87 | 92.33 | 0.9075 | 82.37 | 92.51 | 89.39 | 0.8744 |
Class 2 | 70.81 | 84.68 | 79.62 | 0.7775 | 79.39 | 84.46 | 82.61 | 0.8192 | 75.42 | 85.35 | 81.72 | 0.8038 | 69.27 | 80.71 | 76.53 | 0.7499 |
Class 2.5 | 75.19 | 89.83 | 86.30 | 0.8251 | 70.93 | 91.07 | 86.21 | 0.8100 | 75 | 90.51 | 86.77 | 0.8276 | 64.53 | 89.77 | 83.68 | 0.7715 |
Class 3 | 83.15 | 98.47 | 97.15 | 0.9081 | 82.07 | 98.16 | 96.77 | 0.9011 | 79.35 | 99.08 | 97.38 | 0.8921 | 79.89 | 98.11 | 96.54 | 0.8900 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 90.03 | 93.97 | 92.75 | 0.9200 | 90.97 | 96.21 | 94.58 | 0.9359 | 89.10 | 95.51 | 93.52 | 0.9230 | 78.50 | 94.95 | 89.85 | 0.8673 |
Class 2 | 77.31 | 89.62 | 85.11 | 0.8346 | 84.17 | 91.45 | 88.78 | 0.8781 | 81.79 | 90.08 | 87.04 | 0.8594 | 77.31 | 83.05 | 80.95 | 0.8018 |
Class 2.5 | 76.54 | 93.17 | 89.26 | 0.8486 | 86.01 | 93.30 | 91.59 | 0.8965 | 86.01 | 90.77 | 89.65 | 0.8839 | 77.78 | 90.39 | 87.43 | 0.8408 |
Class 3 | 87.91 | 97.77 | 96.91 | 0.9284 | 78.02 | 99.26 | 97.39 | 0.8864 | 60.44 | 99.58 | 96.13 | 0.8001 | 71.43 | 98.73 | 96.32 | 0.8508 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 83.18 | 90.60 | 88.30 | 0.8689 | 86.92 | 92.57 | 90.81 | 0.8974 | 81.62 | 93.83 | 90.04 | 0.8772 | 80.69 | 92.57 | 88.88 | 0.8663 |
Class 2 | 53.56 | 84.43 | 73.11 | 0.6899 | 67.55 | 82.60 | 77.08 | 0.7507 | 64.91 | 82.60 | 76.11 | 0.7375 | 65.44 | 80.31 | 74.85 | 0.7287 |
Class 2.5 | 68.31 | 83.06 | 79.59 | 0.7569 | 59.67 | 87.10 | 80.66 | 0.7339 | 74.07 | 83.44 | 81.24 | 0.7876 | 60.91 | 86.09 | 80.17 | 0.7350 |
Class 3 | 72.53 | 96.92 | 94.78 | 0.8473 | 64.84 | 97.24 | 94.39 | 0.8104 | 53.85 | 99.15 | 95.16 | 0.7650 | 65.93 | 97.14 | 94.39 | 0.8154 |
Table 16.
Multi-class classification of CF from all datasets for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 16.
Multi-class classification of CF from all datasets for CO (Class 0), PD Stage 2 (Class 2), PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Disease Severity (Class) | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 88.43 | 95.81 | 93.54 | 0.9212 | 91.65 * | 96.21 * | 94.81 * | 0.9393 * | 89.34 | 97.41 | 94.93 | 0.9337 | 88.73 | 95.27 | 93.26 | 0.9200 |
Class 2 | 78.81 | 90.46 | 86.21 | 0.8464 | 87.37 * | 91.19 * | 89.80 * | 0.8928 * | 88.81 | 89.29 | 89.12 | 0.8905 | 78.39 | 89.59 | 85.50 | 0.8399 |
Class 2.5 | 85.97 | 91.19 | 89.92 | 0.8858 | 85.20 * | 95.55 * | 93.04 * | 0.9038 * | 83.67 | 94.53 | 91.90 | 0.8910 | 81.38 | 91.15 | 88.78 | 0.8626 |
Class 3 | 78.34 | 99.02 | 97.25 | 0.8868 | 83.75 | 99.39 | 98.05 | 0.9157 | 78.34 | 99.53 | 97.71 | 0.8893 | 75.45 | 98.51 | 96.54 | 0.8698 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 87.83 | 95.31 | 93.01 | 0.9157 | 88.73 | 96.56 | 94.16 | 0.9265 | 90.44 | 96.39 | 94.56 | 0.9341 | 90.44 | 95.72 | 94.10 | 0.9308 |
Class 2 | 83.98 | 85.26 | 84.79 | 0.8462 | 82.29 | 87.35 | 85.50 | 0.8482 | 80.34 | 88.47 | 85.50 | 0.8440 | 73.73 | 88.61 | 83.18 | 0.8117 |
Class 2.5 | 71.56 | 95.68 | 89.83 | 0.8362 | 78.06 | 93.15 | 89.49 | 0.8560 | 79.08 | 91.84 | 88.75 | 0.8546 | 76.28 | 90.09 | 86.74 | 0.8318 |
Class 3 | 92.06 * | 98.61 * | 98.05 * | 0.9534 * | 87 | 99.19 | 98.15 | 0.9310 | 82.31 | 99.26 | 97.81 | 0.9078 | 89.53 | 98.41 | 97.65 | 0.9397 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 88.15 | 95.34 | 93.13 | 0.9174 | 91.03 | 95.61 | 94.20 | 0.9332 | 86.17 | 97.16 | 93.78 | 0.9167 | 86.32 | 94.46 | 91.96 | 0.9039 |
Class 2 | 82.59 | 87.92 | 85.97 | 0.8525 | 82.71 | 91.68 | 88.41 | 0.8720 | 85.92 | 88.51 | 87.56 | 0.8732 | 78.87 | 86.60 | 83.78 | 0.8274 |
Class 2.5 | 81.59 | 93.35 | 90.51 | 0.8747 | 85.66 | 93.96 | 91.96 | 0.8981 | 83.14 | 93.96 | 91.35 | 0.8855 | 76.16 | 92.24 | 88.36 | 0.8420 |
Class 3 | 77.72 | 99.54 | 97.66 | 0.8863 | 84.78 | 98.98 | 97.76 | 0.9188 | 83.70 | 98.87 | 97.57 | 0.9129 | 76.63 | 98.41 | 96.54 | 0.8752 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 89.36 | 93.79 | 92.43 | 0.9157 | 85.11 | 95.75 | 92.47 | 0.9043 | 86.47 | 96.49 | 93.41 | 0.9148 | 86.93 | 94.06 | 91.87 | 0.9049 |
Class 2 | 78.75 | 83.43 | 81.72 | 0.8109 | 78.75 | 86.60 | 83.73 | 0.8267 | 78.75 | 86.38 | 83.59 | 0.8256 | 70.04 | 87.04 | 80.83 | 0.7854 |
Class 2.5 | 64.15 | 94.15 | 86.91 | 0.7915 | 78.68 | 92.05 | 88.83 | 0.8537 | 78.88 | 90.20 | 87.47 | 0.8454 | 77.52 | 88.91 | 86.16 | 0.8321 |
Class 3 | 89.13 | 98.52 | 97.71 | 0.9382 | 85.87 | 98.67 | 97.57 | 0.9227 | 76.63 | 99.44 | 97.48 | 0.8803 | 81.52 | 98.67 | 97.19 | 0.9010 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 0 | 82.24 | 94.39 | 90.62 | 0.8832 | 87.54 | 96.91 | 94 | 0.9223 | 81.93 | 97.34 | 92.55 | 0.8963 | 85.36 | 91.87 | 89.85 | 0.8861 |
Class 2 | 75.46 | 82.75 | 80.08 | 0.7910 | 84.70 | 88.09 | 86.85 | 0.8639 | 81.79 | 86.87 | 85.01 | 0.8433 | 74.41 | 82.75 | 79.69 | 0.7858 |
Class 2.5 | 67.90 | 91.28 | 85.78 | 0.7959 | 79.42 | 92.41 | 89.36 | 0.8592 | 82.72 | 90.90 | 88.97 | 0.8681 | 63.79 | 93.68 | 86.65 | 0.7873 |
Class 3 | 82.42 | 97.67 | 96.32 | 0.9004 | 73.63 | 98.73 | 96.52 | 0.8618 | 75.82 | 98.52 | 96.52 | 0.8717 | 85.71 | 97.45 | 96.42 | 0.9158 |
1.95–50 Hz | Class 0 | 83.18 | 92.01 | 89.26 | 0.8759 | 83.19 | 93.97 | 90.62 | 0.8857 | 84.42 | 92.29 | 89.85 | 0.8835 | 80.05 | 91.30 | 87.81 | 0.8568 |
Class 2 | 67.81 | 79.54 | 75.24 | 0.7368 | 71.24 | 82.60 | 78.43 | 0.7692 | 59.10 | 87.02 | 76.79 | 0.7306 | 57.52 | 81.22 | 72.53 | 0.6937 |
Class 2.5 | 56.79 | 89.63 | 81.91 | 0.7321 | 67.90 | 89.38 | 84.33 | 0.7864 | 78.60 | 83.69 | 82.50 | 0.8115 | 68.31 | 84.07 | 80.37 | 0.7619 |
Class 3 | 82.42 | 97.45 | 96.13 | 0.8994 | 79.12 | 97.99 | 96.32 | 0.8855 | 70.33 | 98.41 | 95.94 | 0.8437 | 72.53 | 98.30 | 96.03 | 0.8542 |
Table 17.
Two-class classification of LF for CO and PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 17.
Two-class classification of LF for CO and PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Dataset | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Ga | 96.02 | 99.12 | 97.92 | 0.9964 | 98.87 | 98.46 | 98.59 | 0.9971 | 98.90 | 99.02 | 98.96 | 0.9996 | 95.95 | 98.63 | 97.62 | 0.9938 |
Ju | 96.66 | 99.57 | 99.02 | 0.9944 | 97.94 | 99.25 | 99.02 | 0.9992 | 98.49 * | 98.95 * | 98.84 * | 0.9968 * | 93.93 | 99.57 | 98.48 | 0.9936 |
Si | 96.58 | 97.71 | 97 | 0.9908 | 98.85 * | 98.41 * | 98.56 * | 0.9964 * | 97.58 | 97.54 | 97.39 | 0.9971 | 95.01 | 97.87 | 96.36 | 0.9926 |
All | 86.97 | 97.09 | 93.60 | 0.9757 | 93.50 | 97.08 | 95.92 | 0.9927 | 95.28 * | 96.52 * | 96.07 * | 0.9915 * | 90.79 | 96.02 | 94.25 | 0.9731 |
1.95–50 Hz | Ga | 96.27 | 98.59 | 97.69 | 0.9939 | 97.77 | 97.10 | 97.25 | 0.9960 | 96.34 | 98.47 | 97.70 | 0.9975 | 98.22 | 97.72 | 97.85 | 0.9892 |
Ju | 96.09 | 99.14 | 98.57 | 0.9917 | 96.11 | 98.50 | 98.04 | 0.9960 | 94.60 | 98.93 | 98.03 | 0.9990 | 95.19 | 98.71 | 98.03 | 0.9860 |
Si | 97.04 | 97.03 | 96.87 | 0.9977 | 98.25 | 96.78 | 97.40 | 0.9946 | 94.09 | 97.83 | 95.97 | 0.9950 | 96.88 | 96.73 | 96.75 | 0.9893 |
All | 84.86 | 95.70 | 92.06 | 0.9645 | 89.21 | 95.84 | 93.69 | 0.9827 | 89.35 | 94.43 | 92.83 | 0.9728 | 83.84 | 95 | 91.28 | 0.9643 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Ga | 97.99 | 98.03 | 97.99 | 0.9944 | 99.01 * | 99.17 * | 99.11 * | 0.9996 * | 97.42 | 98.69 | 98.22 | 0.9971 | 97.37 | 98.54 | 98.11 | 0.9959 |
Ju | 94.78 | 98.36 | 97.67 | 0.9940 | 94.87 | 99.17 | 98.35 | 0.9975 | 92.38 | 98.87 | 97.53 | 0.9984 | 95.18 | 98.85 | 98.08 | 0.9902 |
Si | 95.48 | 97.99 | 96.49 | 0.9946 | 98.80 | 97.57 | 98.05 | 0.9961 | 97.05 | 96.60 | 96.69 | 0.9983 | 97.52 | 97.95 | 97.66 | 0.9913 |
All | 87.69 | 94.94 | 92.62 | 0.9653 | 90.40 | 96.41 | 94.48 | 0.9884 | 90.74 | 96.39 | 94.53 | 0.9875 | 89.53 | 93.87 | 92.52 | 0.9577 |
1.95–50 Hz | Ga | 95.49 | 98.84 | 97.66 | 0.9974 | 97.64 | 97.58 | 97.55 | 0.9933 | 95.54 | 97.90 | 96.99 | 0.9971 | 96.37 | 98.20 | 97.55 | 0.9936 |
Ju | 96.85 | 97.90 | 97.67 | 0.9852 | 93.16 | 96.80 | 96.17 | 0.9911 | 93.69 | 97.93 | 96.99 | 0.9848 | 92.06 | 96.63 | 95.62 | 0.9616 |
Si | 98.30 | 96.23 | 97.06 | 0.9943 | 94.67 | 96.61 | 95.32 | 0.9923 | 97.11 | 96.87 | 96.87 | 0.9950 | 96.27 | 96 | 95.90 | 0.9835 |
All | 89.74 | 92.17 | 91.17 | 0.9416 | 86.48 | 93.99 | 91.45 | 0.9660 | 89.73 | 93.14 | 91.73 | 0.9685 | 81.42 | 94.31 | 89.95 | 0.9499 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Ga | 93.56 | 98.09 | 96.21 | 0.9941 | 98.52 | 97.09 | 97.53 | 0.9979 | 96.28 | 96.17 | 95.98 | 0.9980 | 93.39 | 97.76 | 95.99 | 0.9889 |
Ju | 91.90 | 98.23 | 96.67 | 0.9883 | 97.50 | 98.58 | 98.20 | 0.9980 | 100 | 98.27 | 98.49 | 0.9980 | 93.81 | 97.18 | 96.37 | 0.9794 |
Si | 96.86 | 97.85 | 97.31 | 0.9932 | 94 | 95.14 | 94.52 | 0.9906 | 94.32 | 95.52 | 94.12 | 0.9932 | 95.63 | 94.25 | 94.54 | 0.9830 |
All | 91.46 | 94.26 | 93.33 | 0.9714 | 91.52 | 94.96 | 93.81 | 0.9892 | 92.38 | 94.94 | 94 | 0.9856 | 88.14 | 91.95 | 90.72 | 0.9310 |
1.95–50 Hz | Ga | 93.17 | 97.49 | 95.76 | 0.9928 | 95.08 | 98.68 | 97.32 | 0.9955 | 93.88 | 97.78 | 96.18 | 0.9944 | 91.93 | 97.01 | 95.09 | 0.9862 |
Ju | 86.21 | 98.54 | 96.09 | 0.9754 | 98.57 | 96.58 | 96.65 | 0.9868 | 95.48 | 96.59 | 96.08 | 0.9987 | 77.11 | 95.68 | 91.56 | 0.9370 |
Si | 97.63 | 94.40 | 95.32 | 0.9788 | 94.24 | 94.78 | 94.18 | 0.9884 | 93.10 | 97.31 | 94.89 | 0.9909 | 93.07 | 93.81 | 93.29 | 0.9767 |
All | 84.45 | 89.83 | 88 | 0.9153 | 86.32 | 93.12 | 90.72 | 0.9635 | 91.90 | 87.88 | 88.69 | 0.9421 | 81.50 | 92 | 87.71 | 0.9272 |
Table 18.
Two-class classification of RF for CO and PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 18.
Two-class classification of RF for CO and PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Dataset | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Ga | 96.03 | 99.44 | 98.22 | 0.9983 | 98.47 | 98.48 | 98.44 | 0.9982 | 97.82 | 98.37 | 98.14 | 0.9995 | 97.18 | 98.47 | 98 | 0.9915 |
Ju | 95.78 | 99.46 | 98.75 | 0.9970 | 97.52 | 98.72 | 98.48 | 0.9966 | 95.66 | 99.35 | 98.66 | 0.9991 | 97.97 * | 98.72 * | 98.57 * | 0.9895 * |
Si | 96.84 | 98.86 | 97.78 | 0.9972 | 98.62 * | 98.63 * | 98.57 * | 0.9994 * | 97.84 | 99.07 | 98.44 | 0.9990 | 97.74 | 97.06 | 97.27 | 0.9972 |
All | 91.33 | 96.94 | 95.12 | 0.9749 | 92.29 | 97.66 | 95.92 | 0.9929 | 94.46 * | 97.69 * | 96.63 * | 0.9949 * | 90.05 | 97.06 | 94.78 | 0.9763 |
1.95–50 Hz | Ga | 99.56 * | 98.18 * | 98.59 * | 0.9941 * | 97.83 | 97.62 | 97.62 | 0.9974 | 93.88 | 98.45 | 96.81 | 0.9940 | 97.15 | 97.93 | 97.63 | 0.9922 |
Ju | 96.33 | 99.57 | 98.93 | 0.9969 | 93.99 | 98.82 | 97.86 | 0.9963 | 96.54 | 98.31 | 97.95 | 0.9993 | 94.58 | 97.87 | 97.23 | 0.9729 |
Si | 97.18 | 98.62 | 97.78 | 0.9976 | 98.28 | 96.57 | 97.27 | 0.9967 | 95.37 | 97.28 | 96.22 | 0.9958 | 97.49 | 97.05 | 97.13 | 0.9909 |
All | 82.20 | 96.42 | 91.41 | 0.9661 | 89.92 | 95.07 | 93.45 | 0.9780 | 89.03 | 94.79 | 92.92 | 0.9747 | 85.99 | 93.93 | 91.28 | 0.9590 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Ga | 98.03 | 98.56 | 98.32 | 0.9964 | 99 | 98.21 | 98.44 | 0.9976 | 96.90 | 98.04 | 97.55 | 0.9988 | 95.81 | 98.83 | 97.77 | 0.9939 |
Ju | 94.59 | 98.68 | 97.94 | 0.9946 | 97.18 | 99.03 | 98.63 | 0.9992 | 96.26 | 99.18 | 98.64 | 0.9948 | 95.45 | 97.92 | 97.40 | 0.9831 |
Si | 97.65 | 98.27 | 97.85 | 0.9950 | 97.93 | 98.26 | 98.04 | 0.9991 | 97.63 | 97.61 | 97.46 | 0.9989 | 98.01 | 98.64 | 98.24 | 0.9938 |
All | 90.97 | 96.16 | 94.49 | 0.9739 | 92.29 | 97.25 | 95.61 | 0.9914 | 93.91 | 96.42 | 95.60 | 0.9883 | 91.22 | 95.17 | 93.92 | 0.9584 |
1.95–50 Hz | Ga | 97.53 | 99.02 | 98.44 | 0.9980 | 98.22 | 96.22 | 96.77 | 0.9958 | 94.04 | 97.52 | 96.20 | 0.9942 | 94.67 | 97.58 | 96.43 | 0.9784 |
Ju | 94.66 | 98.68 | 97.95 | 0.9911 | 95.03 | 97.40 | 96.85 | 0.9919 | 95.29 | 98.40 | 97.53 | 0.9968 | 92.09 | 97.26 | 96.31 | 0.9574 |
Si | 96.33 | 97.87 | 97.07 | 0.9954 | 96.56 | 95.50 | 95.91 | 0.9914 | 94.20 | 95.30 | 94.33 | 0.9900 | 93.41 | 97.56 | 95.51 | 0.9857 |
All | 85.61 | 93.48 | 90.84 | 0.9471 | 88.84 | 95.20 | 93.08 | 0.9779 | 88.58 | 94.21 | 92.33 | 0.9716 | 82.67 | 91.90 | 88.78 | 0.9363 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Ga | 97.37 | 97.81 | 97.54 | 0.9917 | 94.65 | 98.41 | 96.87 | 0.9982 | 96.75 | 97.77 | 97.33 | 0.9982 | 95.13 | 98.06 | 96.85 | 0.9848 |
Ju | 97.50 | 98.25 | 97.89 | 0.9917 | 88.69 | 98.61 | 96.37 | 0.9936 | 95 | 97.29 | 96.37 | 0.9848 | 90 | 97.50 | 95.80 | 0.9970 |
Si | 93.76 | 95.55 | 94.18 | 0.9884 | 97.74 | 96.90 | 96.85 | 0.9930 | 92.77 | 93.67 | 92.94 | 0.9837 | 92.25 | 93.59 | 92.54 | 0.9740 |
All | 87.48 | 95.10 | 92.47 | 0.9688 | 90.57 | 96.13 | 94.19 | 0.9838 | 91.06 | 94.54 | 93.33 | 0.9862 | 85.24 | 90.09 | 88.49 | 0.9137 |
1.95–50 Hz | Ga | 95.60 | 97.47 | 96.64 | 0.9873 | 94.31 | 98.11 | 96.43 | 0.9925 | 93.82 | 98.35 | 96.65 | 0.9929 | 92.96 | 97.12 | 95.52 | 0.9828 |
Ju | 100 | 96.56 | 96.99 | 0.9767 | 92.86 | 96.86 | 95.81 | 0.9927 | 88.21 | 97.53 | 95.48 | 0.9883 | 88.83 | 96.13 | 94.90 | 0.9736 |
Si | 95.43 | 95.42 | 94.92 | 0.9913 | 96.25 | 94.19 | 94.54 | 0.9895 | 90.45 | 97.71 | 93.72 | 0.9881 | 94.22 | 94.50 | 94.15 | 0.9784 |
All | 79.65 | 93.84 | 88.69 | 0.9467 | 84.63 | 94.54 | 90.72 | 0.9684 | 82.25 | 93.65 | 89.65 | 0.9580 | 79.24 | 92.54 | 88 | 0.9250 |
Table 19.
Two-class classification of CF for CO and PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Table 19.
Two-class classification of CF for CO and PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3) using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation.
Time Window | Frequency Range | Dataset | AlexNet | ResNet-50 | ResNet-101 | GoogLeNet |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC | Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Ga | 98.03 | 98.79 | 98.52 | 0.9982 | 99.77 * | 98.80 * | 99.11 * | 0.9995 * | 99.10 | 98.80 | 98.89 | 0.9994 | 99.12 | 97.75 | 98.14 | 0.9875 |
Ju | 95.16 | 99.35 | 98.57 | 0.9919 | 96.70 | 99.24 | 98.75 | 0.9991 | 98.94 * | 99.04 * | 99.01 * | 0.9993 * | 94.31 | 99.24 | 98.31 | 0.9864 |
Si | 97 | 97.67 | 97.27 | 0.9969 | 98 | 97.24 | 97.53 | 0.9988 | 98.88 * | 97.35 * | 97.92 * | 0.9984 * | 97.81 | 96.35 | 96.87 | 0.9899 |
All | 89.22 | 94.71 | 92.98 | 0.9632 | 90.94 | 96.43 | 94.68 | 0.9889 | 92.71 * | 95.11 * | 94.37 * | 0.9856 * | 90.44 | 94.36 | 93.17 | 0.9533 |
1.95–50 Hz | Ga | 98.26 | 99.34 | 98.96 | 0.9976 | 97.26 | 99.02 | 98.36 | 0.9968 | 96.11 | 98.89 | 97.92 | 0.9978 | 97.53 | 97.81 | 97.70 | 0.9900 |
Ju | 97.19 | 98.94 | 98.57 | 0.9919 | 95.09 | 98.71 | 98.04 | 0.9927 | 95.30 | 98.83 | 98.13 | 0.9961 | 95.59 | 98.41 | 97.86 | 0.9758 |
Si | 98.65 | 97.49 | 97.92 | 0.9969 | 97.22 | 97.45 | 97.26 | 0.9968 | 95.63 | 99.05 | 97.40 | 0.9974 | 96.09 | 98.58 | 97.40 | 0.9934 |
All | 88.38 | 96.18 | 93.66 | 0.9757 | 90.85 | 95.88 | 94.19 | 0.9843 | 92.07 | 95.41 | 94.31 | 0.9844 | 90.29 | 96.05 | 94.19 | 0.9755 |
15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Ga | 97.09 | 97.45 | 97.21 | 0.9899 | 98.37 | 99.35 | 99 | 0.9998 | 98.67 | 98.84 | 98.77 | 0.9991 | 96.90 | 96.92 | 96.88 | 0.9846 |
Ju | 95.35 | 98.70 | 98.08 | 0.9860 | 94.99 | 99.01 | 98.22 | 0.9990 | 96.43 | 98.69 | 98.22 | 0.9988 | 94.07 | 99.02 | 98.08 | 0.9978 |
Si | 93.83 | 97.13 | 95.51 | 0.9945 | 97.57 | 97.65 | 97.45 | 0.9950 | 98.23 | 94.94 | 96.28 | 0.9953 | 96.33 | 96.52 | 96.29 | 0.9856 |
All | 89.05 | 94.36 | 92.71 | 0.9730 | 88.90 | 96.13 | 93.74 | 0.9870 | 91.83 | 93.76 | 92.99 | 0.9842 | 88.15 | 95.42 | 93.03 | 0.9580 |
1.95–50 Hz | Ga | 97.27 | 99.50 | 98.67 | 0.9977 | 95.18 | 98.35 | 97.21 | 0.9964 | 96.47 | 98.52 | 97.77 | 0.9969 | 96.72 | 98.19 | 97.66 | 0.9941 |
Ju | 93.42 | 98.69 | 97.53 | 0.9910 | 95.52 | 96.97 | 96.58 | 0.9888 | 92.78 | 98.34 | 97.26 | 0.9967 | 87.30 | 97.07 | 95.21 | 0.9610 |
Si | 94.54 | 98.93 | 96.69 | 0.9944 | 97.09 | 96.99 | 96.87 | 0.9959 | 91.87 | 98.54 | 95.12 | 0.9951 | 95.76 | 97.19 | 96.31 | 0.9938 |
All | 87.20 | 95.01 | 92.47 | 0.9660 | 90.81 | 94.65 | 93.32 | 0.9766 | 90.14 | 94.54 | 93.13 | 0.9773 | 85.72 | 94.57 | 91.63 | 0.9650 |
30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Ga | 90.96 | 95.61 | 93.51 | 0.9864 | 96.79 | 97.41 | 97.09 | 0.9959 | 97.21 | 95.92 | 96.19 | 0.9938 | 94.08 | 95.52 | 94.84 | 0.9863 |
Ju | 89.29 | 97.85 | 96.08 | 0.9781 | 96.90 | 96.85 | 96.68 | 0.9881 | 91.24 | 96.46 | 95.49 | 0.9853 | 92.74 | 98.24 | 96.98 | 0.9790 |
Si | 92.14 | 95.15 | 93.37 | 0.9876 | 97.33 | 98 | 97.23 | 0.9974 | 98.32 | 96.67 | 97.29 | 0.9943 | 94.72 | 96.28 | 94.88 | 0.9731 |
All | 85.84 | 93.25 | 90.81 | 0.9671 | 88.59 | 96.23 | 93.61 | 0.9865 | 89.86 | 93.22 | 92.17 | 0.9801 | 83.39 | 92.55 | 89.27 | 0.9222 |
1.95–50 Hz | Ga | 94.98 | 98.09 | 96.87 | 0.9924 | 96.02 | 96.19 | 95.96 | 0.9918 | 93.19 | 98.72 | 96.65 | 0.9924 | 93.31 | 98.05 | 96.20 | 0.9881 |
Ju | 96.90 | 98.93 | 98.48 | 0.9827 | 94.90 | 98.58 | 97.87 | 0.9981 | 97.14 | 99.30 | 98.80 | 0.9892 | 95.71 | 98.92 | 98.21 | 0.9881 |
Si | 96.83 | 93.23 | 94.14 | 0.9812 | 98.40 | 96.08 | 96.86 | 0.9923 | 94.14 | 98.08 | 95.72 | 0.9888 | 93.74 | 93.35 | 92.97 | 0.9841 |
All | 81.38 | 92.91 | 88.69 | 0.9404 | 86.97 | 94.96 | 92.06 | 0.9692 | 85.91 | 94.42 | 91.40 | 0.9670 | 85.33 | 89.91 | 88.30 | 0.9126 |
Table 20.
Multi-class (CO (Class 0) vs. PD Stage 2 (Class 2) vs. PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3)) and two-class classification (CO vs. PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3)) summary using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation for Ga dataset.
Table 20.
Multi-class (CO (Class 0) vs. PD Stage 2 (Class 2) vs. PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3)) and two-class classification (CO vs. PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3)) summary using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation for Ga dataset.
Dataset | vGRF Signal | CNN Classifier | Time Window | Frequency Range | Classification Task | Evaluation Parameters |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
Ga | LF | GoogLeNet | 15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Multi-Class | Class 0 | 97.98 | 99.17 | 98.77 | 0.9857 |
AlexNet | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 2 | 95.93 | 98.25 | 97.40 | 0.9709 |
AlexNet | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 2.5 | 93.75 | 98.83 | 97.92 | 0.9629 |
AlexNet | 30 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 3 | 98.21 | 97.44 | 97.54 | 0.9783 |
ResNet-50 | 15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Two-Class | 99.01 | 99.17 | 99.11 | 0.9996 |
RF | ResNet-101 | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Multi-Class | Class 0 | 98.43 | 99 | 98.81 | 0.9872 |
AlexNet | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 2 | 97.97 * | 97.78 * | 97.85 * | 0.9787 * |
AlexNet | 15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 2.5 | 96.88 * | 96.88 * | 96.88 * | 0.9688 * |
ResNet-50 | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 3 | 94.05 | 99.24 | 98.59 | 0.9664 |
AlexNet | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Two-Class | 99.56 | 98.18 | 98.59 | 0.9941 |
CF | AlexNet | 15 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Multi-Class | Class 0 | 98.65 * | 99 * | 98.89 * | 0.9883 * |
AlexNet | 15 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 2 | 96.65 | 98.42 | 97.77 | 0.9753 |
AlexNet | 15 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 2.5 | 91.88 | 99.19 | 97.88 | 0.9553 |
AlexNet | 15 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 3 | 99.11 * | 98.98 * | 99 * | 0.9904 * |
ResNet50 | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Two-Class | 99.77 * | 98.80 * | 99.11 * | 0.9995 * |
Table 21.
Multi-class (CO (Class 0) vs. PD Stage 2 (Class 2) vs. PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3)) and two-class classification (CO vs. PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3)) summary using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation for Ju dataset.
Table 21.
Multi-class (CO (Class 0) vs. PD Stage 2 (Class 2) vs. PD Stage 2.5 (Class 2.5), and PD Stage 3 (Class 3)) and two-class classification (CO vs. PD (Class 2, Class 2.5, and Class 3)) summary using several CNN classifiers (AlexNet, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet) with 10-fold cross-validation for Ju dataset.
Dataset | vGRF Signal | CNN Classifier | Time Window | Frequency Range | Classification Task | Evaluation Parameters |
---|
Sen (%) | Spec (%) | Acc (%) | AUC |
---|
Ju | LF | ResNet-50 | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Multi-Class | Class 0 | 96.98 | 99.67 | 99.20 | 0.9833 |
ResNet-50 | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 2 | 96.59 | 98.44 | 97.86 | 0.9751 |
AlexNet | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 2.5 | 97.39 | 96.52 | 96.88 | 0.9695 |
AlexNet | 30 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 3 | 97.14 | 98.65 | 98.49 | 0.9790 |
ResNet-101 | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Two-Class | 98.49 | 98.95 | 98.84 | 0.9968 |
RF | AlexNet | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Multi-Class | Class 0 | 97.99 * | 99.24 * | 99.02 * | 0.9861 * |
ResNet-101 | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 2 | 97.73 * | 97.40 * | 97.50 * | 0.9756 * |
ResNet-101 | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 2.5 | 95.87 | 96.36 | 96.16 | 0.9612 |
ResNet-50 | 15 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 3 | 95.83 | 98.48 | 98.22 | 0.9716 |
GoogLeNet | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Two-Class | 97.97 | 98.72 | 98.57 | 0.9895 |
CF | AlexNet | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Multi-Class | Class 0 | 98.49 | 98.91 | 98.84 | 0.9870 |
ResNet-50 | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Class 2 | 96.02 | 98.18 | 97.50 | 0.9710 |
AlexNet | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 2.5 | 96.52 * | 97.88 * | 97.32 * | 0.9720 * |
AlexNet | 10 s | 1.95–50 Hz | Class 3 | 100 * | 99.01 * | 99.11 * | 0.9951 * |
ResNet-101 | 10 s | 0.83–1.95 Hz | Two-Class | 98.94 * | 99.04 * | 99.01 * | 0.9993 * |