Assessment of the Multi-Location External Workload Profile in the Most Common Movements in Basketball
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Variables and Equipment
2.3.1. Anthropometric Characteristics
2.3.2. External Workload
2.3.3. Time Selection of Tests
2.4. Procedures
- (a)
- Curvilinear movements: Players ran at maximum speed around the 6.75 m line. Participants completed ten repetitions, where five repetitions were performed in each direction (left and right). When players finished each repetition, active rest of 1 min was taken. During the test, players had to run between the 6.75 m line and a line marked with cones at a distance of 1 m. If the participants fell or ran off the track, a new repetition was performed [15].
- (b)
- Jump capacity: Players performed five jumps within the Abalakov test from the Bosco battery. This test consists of the execution of a countermovement jump with upswing of the arms [17]. Athletes started the test standing upright with the feet shoulder-width apart. Between jumps, there was a passive rest of 30 s.
- (c)
- Changes in speed: Players performed five repetitions of the RSA test with a 16.25 m acceleration phase (from the free-throw line to the 6.75 m line) and a 5 m deceleration phase (from the 6.75 m line to the basket). Between repetitions, they performed active rest of 1 min. At the start, players had to place their feet behind the start line, and when the acceleration phase finished had to brake as soon as possible.
- (d)
- Linear movements: Players performed the 30–15 IFT test, a standardized test both in distance and speed, adapted to a basketball court [18]. The test is composed of fractions with a 30-s run and a 15-s passive rest. Every 30 s, the speed is increased by 0.5 km/h. The test started at 8 km/h.
- (e)
- Game simulated conditions: 10 min of a 3 vs. 3 small-sided game was played with official 3 vs. 3 rules on a reduced court with dimensions of 10 m × 15 m. To ensure compliance with the rules, an official referee participated in this test of the battery [15].
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Multi-Location External Workload Profile in Male Basketball Players
3.2. Differences between Anatomical Locations in Each Type of Movement
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
6.1. Vertical Profile
- All players presented a higher workload in the anatomical location nearer to the ground contact in comparison with the further locations. The highest external workload was found in the lower limb (ankle and knee). Team staff should consider more extensive recovery protocols in the lower body to alleviate the workload suffered during training sessions and official games by these musculoskeletal structures.
- The greatest variability of external workload was found in the lower limb in comparison to the upper limb. The design of training sessions must be individualized according to the musculoskeletal profile and the individual characteristics of each player (laterality, flexibility, strength and previous injuries), with special consideration for the lower limb.
- The greatest differences between the scapulae and lumbar region were found during the deceleration phase, between the lumbar region and knee in jump actions, and between the knee and ankle in the acceleration phase and small-sided games. The identification of how the musculoskeletal structures support the external load in each type of movement will help team staff to detect movement patterns that may be specifically trainable.
6.2. Horizontal Profile
- Differences in laterality between the knees and ankles were found in curvilinear movements. The highest workload was found in the knee and ankle of the outside leg in comparison with the inside leg. The specific training of actions that involve curvilinear movements and changes in direction at high intensity in basketball will help in the improvement of players’ performance and injury prevention, especially due to the different motor patterns of each leg according to the direction of movement.
- However, no differences in the external workload suffered by the knees and ankles were found in acceleration, deceleration, jump, linear movement and small-sided games. Therefore, the training of the lower limb must be completed according to the type of movement.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test | ANOVA of Repeated Measures | Bonferroni Post Hoc | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | ηp2 | Vertical Profile | Horizontal Profile | |
Left curvilinear | 225.88 | <0.01 | 0.95 | a b c d e | f g |
Right curvilinear | 175.56 | <0.01 | 0.93 | a b c d e | f g |
Acceleration | 214.76 | <0.01 | 0.95 | a b c d e | |
Deceleration | 171.38 | <0.01 | 0.94 | a b c d e | |
Jump | 87.80 | <0.01 | 0.88 | a b c d e | |
Linear | 186.53 | <0.01 | 0.94 | a b c d e | |
Small-sided game | 333.33 | <0.01 | 0.97 | a b c d e |
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Gómez-Carmona, C.D.; Feu, S.; Pino-Ortega, J.; Ibáñez, S.J. Assessment of the Multi-Location External Workload Profile in the Most Common Movements in Basketball. Sensors 2021, 21, 3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103441
Gómez-Carmona CD, Feu S, Pino-Ortega J, Ibáñez SJ. Assessment of the Multi-Location External Workload Profile in the Most Common Movements in Basketball. Sensors. 2021; 21(10):3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103441
Chicago/Turabian StyleGómez-Carmona, Carlos D., Sebastián Feu, José Pino-Ortega, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. 2021. "Assessment of the Multi-Location External Workload Profile in the Most Common Movements in Basketball" Sensors 21, no. 10: 3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103441
APA StyleGómez-Carmona, C. D., Feu, S., Pino-Ortega, J., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2021). Assessment of the Multi-Location External Workload Profile in the Most Common Movements in Basketball. Sensors, 21(10), 3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103441