Corrosion-Induced Mass Loss Measurement under Strain Conditions through Gr/AgNW-Based, Fe-C Coated LPFG Sensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Long Period Fiber Gratings (LPFG) Sensor
2.2. Graphene/Silver Nanowires (Gr/AgNW) Transparent Electrode
2.3. Fe-C Electroplating on a Gr/AgNW Film of the LPFG Sensor
3. Experimental Setup
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Characterization of the Crack Distribution on Fe-C Layer
4.2. Transmission Spectra of the Corrosion Sensors
4.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
4.4. Correlations between the Mass Loss and the Resonant Wavelength Shift
4.5. Modified Correlation Between the Mass Loss and Resonant Wavelength Shift
5. Conclusions
- Under tensile loads, transverse cracks appear first on the Fe-C layer of LPFG sensors and are followed by the emerging of longitudinal cracks. As the applied strain increases from 500 to 1500 µε, the mean width of transverse cracks on three Fe-C layers increases linearly from 7.7 to 17.9 µm, and the mean spacing between the transverse cracks decreased from 0.75 to 0.59 mm. As the applied strain increases from 1000 to 1500 µε, the mean width of longitudinal cracks on the three Fe-C layers increases slightly from 4.4 to 4.7 µm, and the mean length of the longitudinal cracks increases dramatically from 255 to 770 µm. The spacing of transverse cracks and the length of longitudinal cracks are likely determined by the bond strength at the weak interface between the optical fiber and the laminate Fe-C and Gr/AgNW layer structure.
- The correlation curve between the shift in resonant wavelength of a Fe-C coated LPFG sensor and the Fe-C mass loss can be divided into three stages with low, high and zero wavelength sensitivities to the mass loss, respectively. Stages I and II are dominated by the effect of Fe-C layer thinning and NaCl solution saturation on the evanescent field in the proximity of the LPFG sensor. Stage III represents a near completion of corrosion process in the Fe-C layer and the LPFG sensor becomes fully submerged in the NaCl solution. At zero strain, uniform corrosion occurs on the surface of the Fe-C layer in Stage I until locally breached. Once the Fe-C layer is fully penetrated, NaCl solution reaches the surface of the LPFG sensor both perpendicularly at the penetration points and laterally along the weak interface between the optical fiber and the Gr/AgNW film in Stage II. Under strained conditions, the NaCl solution penetrates the Fe-C layer locally through the strain-induced cracks from the beginning of corrosion process.
- For practical applications, the Fe-C mass loss is related to the shift in resonant wavelength of the Fe-C coated LPFG sensor under 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 µε strain conditions. The mean mass loss sensitivity to the shift in resonant wavelength from three test samples decreases linearly from 10.99 nm−1 at zero strain to 8.93 nm−1 at 1500 µε in Stage I, and increase almost linearly from 2.89 nm−1 at zero strain to 8.47 nm−1 at 1500 µε in Stage II. The specific correlation equation at zero strain and the general correlation equation taking strain effect into account are compared and validated at 700 and 1200 µε, which represent two application cases in practice. The maximum error in mass loss estimation from the zero-strain correlation is 36.2% at 700 µε and 46.5% at 1200 µε. By using the general correlation equation, the maximum error in mass loss estimation is reduced to 2.2% at 700 µε and 2.5% at 1200 µε.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Δλ (nm) | ηc1 | 700 µε | 1200 µε | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
η m | Error | ηc2 | Error | ηm | Error | ηc2 | Error | ||
2 | 27.1 | 19.9 | 36.2% | 20.2 | 1.3% | 18.5 | 46.5% | 18.1 | 1.9% |
4 | 49.1 | 39.5 | 24.3% | 40.5 | 2.2% | 37.2 | 32.0% | 37.9 | 1.7% |
6 | 71.0 | 59.8 | 18.7% | 60.6 | 1.4% | 55.2 | 28.6% | 56.7 | 2.5% |
8 | 93.1 | 80.1 | 16.2% | 78.8 | 1.2% | 73.4 | 26.8% | 75.2 | 2.2% |
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Guo, C.; Fan, L.; Chen, G. Corrosion-Induced Mass Loss Measurement under Strain Conditions through Gr/AgNW-Based, Fe-C Coated LPFG Sensors. Sensors 2020, 20, 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061598
Guo C, Fan L, Chen G. Corrosion-Induced Mass Loss Measurement under Strain Conditions through Gr/AgNW-Based, Fe-C Coated LPFG Sensors. Sensors. 2020; 20(6):1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061598
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Chuanrui, Liang Fan, and Genda Chen. 2020. "Corrosion-Induced Mass Loss Measurement under Strain Conditions through Gr/AgNW-Based, Fe-C Coated LPFG Sensors" Sensors 20, no. 6: 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061598
APA StyleGuo, C., Fan, L., & Chen, G. (2020). Corrosion-Induced Mass Loss Measurement under Strain Conditions through Gr/AgNW-Based, Fe-C Coated LPFG Sensors. Sensors, 20(6), 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061598