Strength Characteristics of Sand–Silt Mixtures Subjected to Cyclic Freezing-Thawing-Repetitive Loading
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sand–Silt Mixtures
2.2. Repetitive Loading System
2.3. Time-Domain Reflectometry Probe
3. Results
3.1. Volumetric Response
3.2. Volumetric Water Content
3.3. Unconfined Compressive Strength
4. Discussion
4.1. Volumetric Unfrozen Water Content vs. Change in Relative Density
4.2. Unconfined Compressive Strength vs. Change in Relative Density
4.3. Unconfined Compressive Strength vs. Volumetric Unfrozen Water Content
5. Conclusions
- For the sand-dominant mixtures (SF ≤ 30%), the θu and ∆Dr increase with the increase in SF owing to the effect of the physicochemical characteristics of particles and a narrower range of the minimum and maximum void ratios, respectively. Furthermore, θu and ∆Dr increase with the increase in N because the unfrozen water remained in the small voids. By contrast, for the silt-dominant mixtures (SF > 30%), θu increases as SF increases because of the fine particles, while ∆Dr decreases or is constant because the small voids induce volume expansion during freezing, which prevents further ∆Dr. The N causes small voids before freezing, which generates more volume expansion during freezing that may decrease ∆Dr. Thus, the θu of silt-dominant mixtures subjected to N increases as ∆Dr decreases, while undergoing only a single freezing–thawing, i.e., N = 1, increases as ∆Dr is constant.
- The unconfined compressive strength of sand-dominant mixtures (SF ≤ 30%) increases with the increase in ∆Dr owing to the active particle contacts in the denser sand skeleton. Thus, the addition of SF and repetitive loading that stimulates ∆Dr reinforces the strength of sand-dominant mixtures. However, the unconfined compressive strength of silt-dominant mixtures (SF > 30%) decreases with the increase in θu, which may reduce the strength of frozen soils owing to the role of the lubricant. The unconfined compressive strength of silt-dominant mixtures decreases with the increase in N owing to the dispersion of sand particles. Therefore, the addition of SF and repetitive loading, which increases the amount of unfrozen water and disperses the sand particles in the silt-dominant mixture, may reduce the strength of the soil.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Notations
Dr | [%] | Relative density |
∆Dr | [%] | Change in relative density |
N | [ ] | Number of repetitive loading |
S | [%] | Degree of saturation |
θu | [%] | Volumetric unfrozen water content |
LVDT | [ ] | Linear variable displacement transducer |
SF | [%] | Silt fraction |
TDR | [ ] | Time domain reflectometry |
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Specimen Preparation | Freezing (Fn) | Thawing (Tn) | Repetitive Loading (Rn) | Uniaxial Compression Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st cycle | ① Initial | ② F1 | ③ T1 | ④ R1 | - |
2nd cycle | - | ⑤ F2 | ⑥ T2 | ⑦ R2 | |
3rd cycle | ⑧ F3 | ⑨ T3 | ⑩ R3 | ||
4th cycle | ⑪ F4 | - | ⑫ UCS |
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Lee, J.-S.; Yu, J.-D.; Han, K.; Kim, S.Y. Strength Characteristics of Sand–Silt Mixtures Subjected to Cyclic Freezing-Thawing-Repetitive Loading. Sensors 2020, 20, 5381. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185381
Lee J-S, Yu J-D, Han K, Kim SY. Strength Characteristics of Sand–Silt Mixtures Subjected to Cyclic Freezing-Thawing-Repetitive Loading. Sensors. 2020; 20(18):5381. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185381
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jong-Sub, Jung-Doung Yu, Kyungsoo Han, and Sang Yeob Kim. 2020. "Strength Characteristics of Sand–Silt Mixtures Subjected to Cyclic Freezing-Thawing-Repetitive Loading" Sensors 20, no. 18: 5381. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185381
APA StyleLee, J.-S., Yu, J.-D., Han, K., & Kim, S. Y. (2020). Strength Characteristics of Sand–Silt Mixtures Subjected to Cyclic Freezing-Thawing-Repetitive Loading. Sensors, 20(18), 5381. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185381