Combination of Multivariate Standard Addition Technique and Deep Kernel Learning Model for Determining Multi-Ion in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution

Tuan, Vu Ngoc; Khattak, Abdul Mateen; Zhu, Hui; Gao, Wanlin; Wang, Minjuan

doi:10.3390/s20185314

Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Edit a Special Issue

Article Menu

...

Open AccessArticle

Combination of Multivariate Standard Addition Technique and Deep Kernel Learning Model for Determining Multi-Ion in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution

^1,2,3,

^2,4,

^5,6,

^1,2 and

^1,2,*

Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China

College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nam Dinh University of Technology Education, Nam Dinh 420000, Vietnam

⁴

Departemnt of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan

⁵

Key Laboratory of Liquor Making Biological Technology and Application, Zigong 643000, China

⁶

School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sensors 2020, 20(18), 5314; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185314

Received: 4 July 2020 / Revised: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 / Published: 17 September 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Associated Artificial Intelligence in Agricultural Applications for Specialty Crops)

View Full-Text Download PDF

Browse Figures

Citation Export

Abstract

Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have recently become the most attractive tools for the development of efficient hydroponic systems. Nevertheless, some inherent shortcomings such as signal drifts, secondary ion interferences, and effected high ionic strength make them difficult to apply in a hydroponic system. To minimize these deficiencies, we combined the multivariate standard addition (MSAM) sampling technique with the deep kernel learning (DKL) model for a six ISEs array to increase the prediction accuracy and precision of eight ions, including

N O_{3}^{-}

N H_{4}^{+}

K^{+}

C a^{2 +}

N a^{+}

C l^{-}

H_{2} P O_{4}^{-}

, and

M g^{2 +}

. The enhanced data feature based on feature enrichment (FE) of the MSAM technique provided more useful information to DKL for improving the prediction reliability of the available ISE ions and enhanced the detection of unavailable ISE ions (phosphate and magnesium). The results showed that the combined MSAM–feature enrichment (FE)–DKL sensing structure for validating ten real hydroponic samples achieved low root mean square errors (RMSE) of 63.8, 8.3, 29.2, 18.5, 11.8, and 8.8

mg \cdot L^{- 1}

with below 8% coefficients of variation (CVs) for predicting nitrate, ammonium, potassium, calcium, sodium, and chloride, respectively. Moreover, the prediction of phosphate and magnesium in the ranges of 5–275 mg·L⁻¹ and 10–80

mg \cdot L^{- 1}

had RMSEs of 29.6 and 8.7

mg \cdot L^{- 1}

respectively. The results prove that the proposed approach can be applied successfully to improve the accuracy and feasibility of ISEs in a closed hydroponic system. View Full-Text

Keywords: ion-selective electrode; multi-ion sensor array; artificial neural network; gaussian process; deep kernel learning; hydroponics

▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Tuan, V.N.; Khattak, A.M.; Zhu, H.; Gao, W.; Wang, M. Combination of Multivariate Standard Addition Technique and Deep Kernel Learning Model for Determining Multi-Ion in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution. Sensors 2020, 20, 5314. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185314

AMA Style

Tuan VN, Khattak AM, Zhu H, Gao W, Wang M. Combination of Multivariate Standard Addition Technique and Deep Kernel Learning Model for Determining Multi-Ion in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution. Sensors. 2020; 20(18):5314. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185314

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tuan, Vu N., Abdul M. Khattak, Hui Zhu, Wanlin Gao, and Minjuan Wang. 2020. "Combination of Multivariate Standard Addition Technique and Deep Kernel Learning Model for Determining Multi-Ion in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution" Sensors 20, no. 18: 5314. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185314

Find Other Styles

Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Abstract views Pdf views Html views

Article Menu

Combination of Multivariate Standard Addition Technique and Deep Kernel Learning Model for Determining Multi-Ion in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution

Abstract

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Article Access Map by Country/Region

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI