Primary User Localization and Its Error Analysis in 5G Cognitive Radio Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Studies
- Omni-directional: There has been extensive research focusing on omnidirectional CRNs localization. Such omnidirectional localization methods estimate the location of a PU by using fingerprinting, trilateration, and multidimensional scaling-based estimation methods [15,19,20,23,24,25,26]. The simplest PU localization method among all these methods is centroid localization (CL) [23], which averages out the coordinates of the SUs to estimate the PU location. CL is a very simple and range-free approach, but due to its center-biased nature, it cannot achieve high accuracy. Therefore, the CL has been modified to weighted centroid localization (WCL) in [24], such that the localization performance is improved by using the weighting strategies. The weighting strategies for WCL are based on the received power, where the accurate measurements are given more weight, and vice versa. Another variant of WCL was proposed in [27] which tries to find a good match between the measured power and the nearest value to that power in a database by using mean square error. In [15,19,20,26], multidimensional scaling-based network localization methods were used to estimate the location of SUs and PUs, where both range-based and range-free schemes are utilized. All of the aforementioned localization methods consider how both PUs and SUs are using omnidirectional antennas. However, a number of current applications require the use of directional antennas to achieve better performance and a long transmission distance.
- Directional: Recently the work in [28,29,30,31] have shown that the use of directional antennas certainly reduces the localization error. In [31] the authors have investigated the impact of directional antennas on the localization performance of sectorized cellular networks. A directional of arrival (DoA)-based localization method for PU localization has been proposed in [29,30] where the SUs are equipped with multiple antennas. DoA measurements are estimated by using the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method, and the Stansfield estimator is used to estimate the location of a PU. A joint DoA and received signal strength (RSS)-based PU localization method has been proposed in [28] which improves the localization performance, as compared to DoA-only and RSS-only methods.
3. System Model
4. Proposed PU Localization Method
- In CRNs, the SUs carry out spectrum sensing to find out the existence or non-existence of PU signals in a specific channel. If the channel is idle, the signal received by the SUs is typically noise, but if the channel is busy, then the received signal consists of both the PU signal and the noise. An energy detection model is usually used in such a scenario to decide the presence or absence of the PU signal. The energy detection model consists of a binary testing hypothesis, with and for the PU’s absence and presence, respectively. The binary hypothesis for the detection of a PU is defined as [34]Using the principle of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) [35], and are given as:
- The SUs then span the angle range of to find the direction of the signal from the PU. To elaborate, once an i-th SU receives some power from a PU, then based on its bore-sight angle in the k-th sector, it determines the direction of the signal where lies between . This phenomena is further illustrated in Figure 2.
- Select the grid points with location for each SU i and assign a value to each grid point, where if the grid angle is between or else .
- Aggregate the RSS values form the N SUs and select the grids with highest RSS values. Two different scoring strategies are selected here as follows:Based on the above scoring strategies, the total number of grid points K are selected for the PU location estimation.
- In the final step, a grid-based centroid localization method is used to estimate the PU location, which is given as:
5. Localization Error Analysis
6. Numerical Results
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Saeed, N.; Nam, H.; Al-Naffouri, T.Y.; Alouini, M.-S. Primary User Localization and Its Error Analysis in 5G Cognitive Radio Networks. Sensors 2019, 19, 2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092035
Saeed N, Nam H, Al-Naffouri TY, Alouini M-S. Primary User Localization and Its Error Analysis in 5G Cognitive Radio Networks. Sensors. 2019; 19(9):2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092035
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaeed, Nasir, Haewoon Nam, Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri, and Mohamed-Slim Alouini. 2019. "Primary User Localization and Its Error Analysis in 5G Cognitive Radio Networks" Sensors 19, no. 9: 2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092035
APA StyleSaeed, N., Nam, H., Al-Naffouri, T. Y., & Alouini, M.-S. (2019). Primary User Localization and Its Error Analysis in 5G Cognitive Radio Networks. Sensors, 19(9), 2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092035