A Survey of Practical Design Considerations of Optical Imaging Stabilization Systems for Small Unmanned Aerial Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Vibration Sources and Effects
2.1.1. Vibration Sources in sUAS Platforms
Fixed-Wing Platforms
Rotary-Wing Platforms
2.1.2. Vibration Effects on sUAS Image Quality
2.2. Mechanical Vibration Mitigation
2.2.1. Dampers on the Optical Imaging System
2.2.2. Other Mechanical Solutions
Flow-Induced Oscillations
2.3. Optical Image Stabilization
2.4. Software Image Stabilization
2.4.1. Digital Image Stabilization
2.4.2. Digital Video Stabilization
2.5. Gimbal Stabilization
2.5.1. Gimbal Systems Classification
2.5.2. Gimbal Systems Design Considerations
2.5.3. Stabilization
Drive System
Motion Sensors
2.6. Impact of the Stabilized Imaging System on sUAS Aerodynamics
2.6.1. Impact of Weight
2.6.2. Impact of Shape and Size
2.6.3. Impact of Shape and Size on Fixed-Wing Aircraft
- Form drag: The form drag is influenced by the shape of the object (Figure 13). Although the droplet shape offers the most favorable aerodynamic characteristics, when pointed straight into the direction of the moving air, it also offers challenges related to possible viewing angles of the camera system. Therefore, the aerodynamic considerations may be considered a performance parameter within the overall geometrical optimization of the camera system.
- Skin friction drag: As air moves over the surface of the body, close to the surface the flow will lose energy due to viscous effects. This type of drag is called skin friction drag. A turbulent boundary layer that is induced by a rougher surface may stay attached longer than a laminar boundary layer, thus reducing the form drag. This generally holds true for smaller object in relatively low air speeds [21]. Therefore, for smaller objects, the negative effects of higher skin friction drag, which is caused by a rougher surface, may potentially be offset by a lower overall profile drag. Finally, it should be noted that such potential benefits are highly dependent on the specific design and flow conditions, and therefore require an in-depth aerodynamic analysis. Projects where such analyses is not within reach may benefit from focusing on the form drag and interference drag instead.
- Interference drag: In the context of aerodynamics, the interference drag can be explained as the airflow over one object disturbing the airflow over another object unfavorably. The actual effects of interference drag depend to a large extent on the airspeed. Therefore, in the context of aircraft performance, it cannot be said that a closed and shielded system is necessarily superior to a system with exposed components as it may also be heavier. It is dependent on mission-specific parameters. The following section suggests methods to study the effects of on-board camera designs, including the interference drag characteristics.
Impact of Shape and Size on Rotary-Wing Aircraft
2.6.4. Impact of Position
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dahlin Rodin, C.; de Alcantara Andrade, F.A.; Hovenburg, A.R.; Johansen, T.A. A Survey of Practical Design Considerations of Optical Imaging Stabilization Systems for Small Unmanned Aerial Systems. Sensors 2019, 19, 4800. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214800
Dahlin Rodin C, de Alcantara Andrade FA, Hovenburg AR, Johansen TA. A Survey of Practical Design Considerations of Optical Imaging Stabilization Systems for Small Unmanned Aerial Systems. Sensors. 2019; 19(21):4800. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214800
Chicago/Turabian StyleDahlin Rodin, Christopher, Fabio Augusto de Alcantara Andrade, Anthony Reinier Hovenburg, and Tor Arne Johansen. 2019. "A Survey of Practical Design Considerations of Optical Imaging Stabilization Systems for Small Unmanned Aerial Systems" Sensors 19, no. 21: 4800. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214800
APA StyleDahlin Rodin, C., de Alcantara Andrade, F. A., Hovenburg, A. R., & Johansen, T. A. (2019). A Survey of Practical Design Considerations of Optical Imaging Stabilization Systems for Small Unmanned Aerial Systems. Sensors, 19(21), 4800. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214800