Development of an In Vivo Sensor to Monitor the Effects of Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) Changes to Improve Water Productivity in Agriculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
2.2. Physiological Parameter Evaluated
2.3. Bioristor Preparation and Measurements
2.4. Bioristor Biocompatibility
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analyses of the Bioristor Response in Relation to the VPD
3.2. Analyses of the Bioristor Time Response τ in Relation to the VPD
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensors | Type of Sensor | References or Web Link | Technical Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Smart Bee system | Remote | https://hightimes.com/grow/understanding-vapor-pressure-deficit/ | Measure of air temperature and humidity |
Microcontroller run in Arduino | Remote | Ramos-Fernandez et al., 2016 [31] | Fuzzy modelling |
Pointed Microclimate sensor | Proximal | https://www.30mhz.com/industry/agriculture/ | Infrared temperature sensor + vented temp/humidity sensor |
Smart sensor | Remote | Millan-Almaraz et al., 2010 [32] | Air temperature, leaf temperature, air relative humidity, plant out relative humidity and ambient light |
Pulse One | Remote | https://getpulse.co/ | Remote monitoring of temperature, RH, light, and VPD |
Micro Grow’s Water Pro | Remote and proximal | https://microgrow.com/ | Irrigation controller through environmental monitoring with 11 sensors. VPD is included and estimated by temperature and relative humidity |
Digital infrared thermometer (Model GM320) | Proximal | Zhang et al., 2017 [6] | Measure of the leaf temperature |
ATMOS 14 | Climate remote sensors | www.growlink.com | Temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, and vapour pressure |
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Vurro, F.; Janni, M.; Coppedè, N.; Gentile, F.; Manfredi, R.; Bettelli, M.; Zappettini, A. Development of an In Vivo Sensor to Monitor the Effects of Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) Changes to Improve Water Productivity in Agriculture. Sensors 2019, 19, 4667. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214667
Vurro F, Janni M, Coppedè N, Gentile F, Manfredi R, Bettelli M, Zappettini A. Development of an In Vivo Sensor to Monitor the Effects of Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) Changes to Improve Water Productivity in Agriculture. Sensors. 2019; 19(21):4667. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214667
Chicago/Turabian StyleVurro, Filippo, Michela Janni, Nicola Coppedè, Francesco Gentile, Riccardo Manfredi, Manuele Bettelli, and Andrea Zappettini. 2019. "Development of an In Vivo Sensor to Monitor the Effects of Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) Changes to Improve Water Productivity in Agriculture" Sensors 19, no. 21: 4667. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214667