Two Hop Adaptive Vector Based Quality Forwarding for Void Hole Avoidance in Underwater WSNs
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COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
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Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Biomedical Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081762
Received: 21 May 2017
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Revised: 13 July 2017
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Accepted: 26 July 2017
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Published: 1 August 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges in Underwater Sensor Networks)
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) facilitate a wide range of aquatic applications in various domains. However, the harsh underwater environment poses challenges like low bandwidth, long propagation delay, high bit error rate, high deployment cost, irregular topological structure, etc. Node mobility and the uneven distribution of sensor nodes create void holes in UWSNs. Void hole creation has become a critical issue in UWSNs, as it severely affects the network performance. Avoiding void hole creation benefits better coverage over an area, less energy consumption in the network and high throughput. For this purpose, minimization of void hole probability particularly in local sparse regions is focused on in this paper. The two-hop adaptive hop by hop vector-based forwarding (2hop-AHH-VBF) protocol aims to avoid the void hole with the help of two-hop neighbor node information. The other protocol, quality forwarding adaptive hop by hop vector-based forwarding (QF-AHH-VBF), selects an optimal forwarder based on the composite priority function. QF-AHH-VBF improves network good-put because of optimal forwarder selection. QF-AHH-VBF aims to reduce void hole probability by optimally selecting next hop forwarders. To attain better network performance, mathematical problem formulation based on linear programming is performed. Simulation results show that by opting these mechanisms, significant reduction in end-to-end delay and better throughput are achieved in the network.
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Keywords:
underwater wireless sensor networks; area towards destination; pipeline radius; virtual vector; potential neighbor number; vector-based forwarding; linear programming; composite priority function; qualified forwarding
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MDPI and ACS Style
Javaid, N.; Ahmed, F.; Wadud, Z.; Alrajeh, N.; Alabed, M.S.; Ilahi, M. Two Hop Adaptive Vector Based Quality Forwarding for Void Hole Avoidance in Underwater WSNs. Sensors 2017, 17, 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081762
AMA Style
Javaid N, Ahmed F, Wadud Z, Alrajeh N, Alabed MS, Ilahi M. Two Hop Adaptive Vector Based Quality Forwarding for Void Hole Avoidance in Underwater WSNs. Sensors. 2017; 17(8):1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081762
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavaid, Nadeem, Farwa Ahmed, Zahid Wadud, Nabil Alrajeh, Mohamad S. Alabed, and Manzoor Ilahi. 2017. "Two Hop Adaptive Vector Based Quality Forwarding for Void Hole Avoidance in Underwater WSNs" Sensors 17, no. 8: 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081762
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