Sea Ice Detection Based on Differential Delay-Doppler Maps from UK TechDemoSat-1
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory and Method
2.1. GNSS-R Delay-Doppler Maps
2.2. GNSS-R Observables
2.2.1. Forward GNSS-R Observables
2.2.2. Proposed GNSS-R Observables
2.3. Data Processing
2.3.1. Dataset Selection and Noise Floor Subtraction
2.3.2. Incoherent Averaging and Normalization for Each DDM
2.3.3. Differential DDM (dDDM) and overall normalization
2.4. Proposed Identification Approach
2.4.1. Approach Description
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as ice-water transition;
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as water-ice transition;
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as the same observing surface and further processing should be done to distinguish between ice-ice and water-water transition:
- ➢
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as water-water transition;
- ➢
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as ice-ice transition.
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as ice-water transition;
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as water-ice transition;
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as the same observing surface and further processing should be done to distinguish between ice-ice and water-water transition:
- ➢
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as water-water transition;
- ➢
- If , two adjacent DDMs are determined as ice-ice transition.
2.4.2. Deriving Thresholds
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Experimental DDM Data Set
3.2. Case Study
3.3. Overall Experimental Results
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Start time | 17:29:01 26 October 2015 |
End time | 17:31:11 26 October 2015 |
Start point | 13°58′48.05″ E 77°09′55.70″ N |
End point | 19°24′48.51″ W 78°10′31.35″ N |
No. Of DDM | 131 |
Ground-track length | 793 km |
Date of Dataset | Number of Dataset | Number of Tested DDM | PS-D | PN-D | PS-N | PN-N | MF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 March 2015 | 22 | 2815 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 3.20 | 3.48 | 1.88 |
4 June 2015 | 25 | 2906 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 3.99 | 3.92 | 1.72 |
23 August 2015 | 20 | 2668 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 3.67 | 3.37 | 1.95 |
26 October 2015 | 22 | 3411 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 3.28 | 3.34 | 1.91 |
21 January 2016 | 21 | 2764 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 4.12 | 3.98 | 1.77 |
26 March 2016 | 20 | 2782 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 3.52 | 3.24 | 1.83 |
Total | 130 | 17346 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 3.62 | 3.55 | 1.84 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Zhu, Y.; Yu, K.; Zou, J.; Wickert, J. Sea Ice Detection Based on Differential Delay-Doppler Maps from UK TechDemoSat-1. Sensors 2017, 17, 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071614
Zhu Y, Yu K, Zou J, Wickert J. Sea Ice Detection Based on Differential Delay-Doppler Maps from UK TechDemoSat-1. Sensors. 2017; 17(7):1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071614
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Yongchao, Kegen Yu, Jingui Zou, and Jens Wickert. 2017. "Sea Ice Detection Based on Differential Delay-Doppler Maps from UK TechDemoSat-1" Sensors 17, no. 7: 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071614