Digital Microfluidics for Nucleic Acid Amplification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Digital Microfluidics Configurations
2. Digital Microfluidics for Nucleic Acid Amplification
2.1. Development of DMF–PCR Platforms
DMF–PCR Platform Validation
2.2. DMF—Conventional Microfluidics Hybrid Devices
2.3. DMF for Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification
3. Alternatives to EWOD for DMF-Assisted Nucleic Acid Amplification
4. Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Application | Reaction Volume | Actuation Voltage | Dielectric Material | Hydrophobic Material | Electrode Material | Substrate Material | Filler | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DMF–PCR platforms | Dengue II virus detection | 1.46 µL | 12 VRMS (3 kHz) | Si3N4 | Teflon® AF | Au | Glass | Silicone oil | [17] |
SNP genotyping | 64 nL | 60 VRMS (3 kHz) | Si3N4 | Teflon® AF | Au | Glass | Silicone oil | [25] | |
POC testing, MRSA, S. aureus and C. albicans detection | 600 nL | - | Parylene C | Teflon® AF | Cr | PCB | Hexadecane | [9] | |
MRSA, S. aureus, M. pneumoniae and C. albicans detection | Variable | - | - | - | - | PCB | Hexadecane/silicone oil | [21] | |
S. aureus detection | 1.2 nL | 70 V–250 V | Parylene C | Teflon® AF | - | - | n-dodecane | [23] | |
Cell genetic expression analysis | Variable | 48 V (3 kHz) | Si3N4 | SiOC | Ti/AlCu | Silicon wafer | Silicone oil | [24] | |
Bacteriophage M13mp18 detection | 1.5 µL | 80–100 VRMS (18 kHz) | Solder mask | Teflon® AF | Cu/Ni/Au | PCB | Air | [22] | |
Validation of DMF–PCR platforms | C. albicans detection on human blood | Variable | - | - | - | - | PCB | Hexadecane/silicone oil | [27] |
M. pneumoniae detection on human nasopharyngeal wash | Variable | - | - | - | - | PCB | Hexadecane/silicone oil | [28] | |
Hybrid platforms | DNA amplification (only the primers are described) | 25 µL | - | SiO2 | Teflon® AF | Cr/Au | Glass | Silicone oil | [31] |
Pre-DNA sequencing | 2.8 µL | 80–90 VRMS (15 kHz) | Parylene C | Teflon® AF | ITO | Glass | Air | [32] | |
DMF platforms for isothermal amplification | CTX-M gene detection in E. coli bacteria | Minimum 270 nL | 20 V | Al2O3 | Cytop® | ITO | Glass | n-dodecane | [18] |
P. aeruginosa detection | 5 µL | 120 VAC (1 kHz) | Parylene C | Teflon® AF | Cr | Glass | Vapor-Lock oil | [19] |
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Coelho, B.; Veigas, B.; Fortunato, E.; Martins, R.; Águas, H.; Igreja, R.; Baptista, P.V. Digital Microfluidics for Nucleic Acid Amplification. Sensors 2017, 17, 1495. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071495
Coelho B, Veigas B, Fortunato E, Martins R, Águas H, Igreja R, Baptista PV. Digital Microfluidics for Nucleic Acid Amplification. Sensors. 2017; 17(7):1495. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071495
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoelho, Beatriz, Bruno Veigas, Elvira Fortunato, Rodrigo Martins, Hugo Águas, Rui Igreja, and Pedro V. Baptista. 2017. "Digital Microfluidics for Nucleic Acid Amplification" Sensors 17, no. 7: 1495. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071495