Identification of Foot Pathologies Based on Plantar Pressure Asymmetry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment and Analysis Methods
2.1. Data Collection
Control | Pathological | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 8 Female | 23 Male | 14 Female | 6 Male |
Age (years) | 34.6 ± 10.2 | 36.7 ± 9.7 | 31.4 ± 14.0 | 41.3 ± 10.7 |
Mass (kg) | 63.5 ± 13.2 | 77.3 ± 13.7 | 62.9 ± 6.6 | 82.3 ± 15.2 |
2.2. Data Extraction and Analysis
2.3. Quantification of Asymmetrical Pressure Parameters
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reliability of the Plantar Pressure Measurement
Region | Within-Session ICC | Between-Session ICC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Left Foot | Right Foot | Left Foot | Right Foot | |
IPJ | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.81 |
Lesser toes | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.79 | 0.78 |
MPJ1 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.83 |
MPJ2 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.92 |
MPJ3 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
MPJ4 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.87 |
MPJ5 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.84 |
Midfoot | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 0.76 |
Medial heel | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.96 |
Lateral heel | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.92 |
3.2. Plantar Pressure Asymmetry
Region | Median Asymmetry (%) | Mann-Whitney U | Z | p Value (Two-Tailed) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Pathological | ||||||
SI | SA | SI | SA | ||||
IPJ | 12.57 | 4.00 | 17.30 | 5.49 | 394 | 1.62 | 0.11 |
Lesser toes | 14.41 | 4.58 | 17.05 | 5.41 | 358 | 0.93 | 0.35 |
MPJ1 | 17.86 | 5.67 | 19.86 | 6.30 | 357 | 0.91 | 0.37 |
MPJ2 | 13.34 | 4.24 | 14.57 | 4.63 | 315 | 0.10 | 0.92 |
MPJ3 | 10.71 | 3.41 | 20.58 | 6.52 | 450 | 2.70 | 0.01 * |
MPJ4 | 16.37 | 5.20 | 17.25 | 5.48 | 368 | 1.12 | 0.26 |
MPJ5 | 12.36 | 3.93 | 14.02 | 4.45 | 341 | 0.60 | 0.55 |
Midfoot | 16.29 | 5.17 | 22.17 | 7.01 | 391 | 1.56 | 0.12 |
Medial heel | 9.91 | 3.15 | 16.89 | 5.36 | 372 | 1.20 | 0.23 |
Lateral heel | 12.81 | 4.07 | 16.56 | 5.26 | 429 | 2.30 | 0.02 * |
Region | Median Asymmetry (%) | n (/51.%) | Mann-Whitney U | Z | p Value (Two-Tailed) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Pathological | |||||||
SI | SA | SI | SA | |||||
IPJ | 27.10 | 8.58 | 57.98 | 17.96 | 10 (19.61) | 15 | 1.03 | 0.38 |
Lesser toes | 24.13 | 7.64 | 36.76 | 11.57 | 13 (25.49) | 32 | 1.76 | 0.09 |
MPJ1 | 20.52 | 6.51 | 55.96 | 17.33 | 11 (21.57) | 19 | 1.43 | 0.19 |
MPJ2 | 25.19 | 7.98 | 20.68 | 6.56 | 17 (33.33) | 35 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
MPJ3 | 21.06 | 6.68 | 34.62 | 10.91 | 13 (25.49) | 32 | 2.16 | 0.03 * |
MPJ4 | 24.82 | 7.86 | 43.45 | 13.62 | 14 (27.45) | 39 | 1.85 | 0.07 |
MPJ5 | 24.75 | 7.84 | 61.22 | 18.90 | 9 (17.65) | 18 | 2.32 | 0.02 * |
Midfoot | 24.69 | 7.82 | 58.06 | 17.98 | 10 (19.61) | 21 | 1.92 | 0.07 |
Medial heel | 23.53 | 7.45 | 29.25 | 9.25 | 19 (37.25) | 64 | 1.55 | 0.13 |
Lateral heel | 15.11 | 4.80 | 30.65 | 9.68 | 17 (33.33) | 66 | 2.89 | 0.002 * |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wafai, L.; Zayegh, A.; Woulfe, J.; Aziz, S.M.; Begg, R. Identification of Foot Pathologies Based on Plantar Pressure Asymmetry. Sensors 2015, 15, 20392-20408. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150820392
Wafai L, Zayegh A, Woulfe J, Aziz SM, Begg R. Identification of Foot Pathologies Based on Plantar Pressure Asymmetry. Sensors. 2015; 15(8):20392-20408. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150820392
Chicago/Turabian StyleWafai, Linah, Aladin Zayegh, John Woulfe, Syed Mahfuzul Aziz, and Rezaul Begg. 2015. "Identification of Foot Pathologies Based on Plantar Pressure Asymmetry" Sensors 15, no. 8: 20392-20408. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150820392