LiDAR Scan Matching Aided Inertial Navigation System in GNSS-Denied Environments
1
GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
2
Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Institute, Kirkkonummi FI-02431, Finland
3
Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Geodeetinrine 2, Kirkkonummi FI-02431, Finland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Gert F. Trommer
Sensors 2015, 15(7), 16710-16728; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716710
Received: 13 May 2015
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Revised: 22 June 2015
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Accepted: 3 July 2015
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Published: 10 July 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inertial Sensors and Systems)
A new scan that matches an aided Inertial Navigation System (INS) with a low-cost LiDAR is proposed as an alternative to GNSS-based navigation systems in GNSS-degraded or -denied environments such as indoor areas, dense forests, or urban canyons. In these areas, INS-based Dead Reckoning (DR) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technologies are normally used to estimate positions as separate tools. However, there are critical implementation problems with each standalone system. The drift errors of velocity, position, and heading angles in an INS will accumulate over time, and on-line calibration is a must for sustaining positioning accuracy. SLAM performance is poor in featureless environments where the matching errors can significantly increase. Each standalone positioning method cannot offer a sustainable navigation solution with acceptable accuracy. This paper integrates two complementary technologies—INS and LiDAR SLAM—into one navigation frame with a loosely coupled Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to use the advantages and overcome the drawbacks of each system to establish a stable long-term navigation process. Static and dynamic field tests were carried out with a self-developed Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) platform—NAVIS. The results prove that the proposed approach can provide positioning accuracy at the centimetre level for long-term operations, even in a featureless indoor environment.
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Keywords:
LiDAR; scan matching; INS; EKF; inertial navigation
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Tang, J.; Chen, Y.; Niu, X.; Wang, L.; Chen, L.; Liu, J.; Shi, C.; Hyyppä, J. LiDAR Scan Matching Aided Inertial Navigation System in GNSS-Denied Environments. Sensors 2015, 15, 16710-16728. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716710
AMA Style
Tang J, Chen Y, Niu X, Wang L, Chen L, Liu J, Shi C, Hyyppä J. LiDAR Scan Matching Aided Inertial Navigation System in GNSS-Denied Environments. Sensors. 2015; 15(7):16710-16728. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716710
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Jian, Yuwei Chen, Xiaoji Niu, Li Wang, Liang Chen, Jingbin Liu, Chuang Shi, and Juha Hyyppä. 2015. "LiDAR Scan Matching Aided Inertial Navigation System in GNSS-Denied Environments" Sensors 15, no. 7: 16710-16728. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716710
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