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Article

Updated Checklist, Traits and Conservation Status of the Ichthyofauna of Aratu Bay, Eastern Brazil

by
Diego V. Medeiros
1,
Marcelo A. Dias
1,2,
Camila C. Cordeiro
3 and
Gustavo F. de Carvalho-Souza
1,*,†
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e Manejo da Biodiversidade, Universidade Católica do Salvador (UCSal), Campus de Pituaçu, Av. Prof. Pinto de Aguiar, Pituaçu, Salvador 41.740-090, BA, Brazil
2
Lacerta Consultoria, Projetos e Assessoria Ambiental Ltd.a. (LACERTA AMBIENTAL), Avenida Tancredo Neves, n 939, edf. Esplanada Tower, sala 907, Caminho das Árvores, Salvador 41.820-021, BA, Brazil
3
Terminal Portuário Cotegipe (TPC), Estrada da Ponta do Fernandinho, 3142, São Tomé de Paripe, Salvador 40.800-168, BA, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Current address: Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
Diversity 2024, 16(9), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090517
Submission received: 22 July 2024 / Revised: 23 August 2024 / Accepted: 27 August 2024 / Published: 29 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)
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Abstract

:
Coastal environments, such as bays, are essential to the development of fishery resources due to their economic and ecological importance. This paper presents an updated checklist of coastal marine fishes as part of a long-term monitoring program in Aratu Bay (2014–2024), Bahia state, eastern Brazil. A total of 109 species belonging to 58 families and 24 orders were cataloged. Five endemic species and ten species listed as at risk according to the IUCN criteria (from Vulnerable onwards) were identified. The Carangidae was the most representative family in terms of species number, followed by Gobiidae and Sciaenidae. The ichthyofauna was dominated by mobile invertebrate feeders and macrocarnivores. Two non-native species were observed in the region: the Muzzled blenny, Omobranchus sewalli and the mud sleeper Butis koilomatodon. Aratu Bay supports a diverse ichthyofauna with diverse trophic guilds and habitats, rendering it an important area for the feeding and development of economically valuable species, including those facing threats.

1. Introduction

Coastal environments, like estuaries, lagoons and bays are essential for the development of fishery resources due to their ecological and economic importance; they act as nurseries and feeding habitats for numerous commercial fish species, particularly during their early life stages [1,2]. The biodiversity within these ecosystems serves as a substantial food source for human communities, with fish playing a primary role in the energy flow of these systems [1,3,4].
The Todos os Santos Bay (TSB) (13° S and 38° W) is one of the largest tropical bays in Brazil, covering an area of 1223 km2 (Figure 1), located in the state of Bahia. This bay is heavily influenced by the presence of a large metropolitan area (the city of Salvador, with a population of 2,400,000 inhabitants) and industrial activities, including chemical and petrochemical plants, as well as an oil refinery and harbor operations situated in the North and Northeastern regions of the bay. Additionally, TSB serves as an important hub of tourism and shell-fishing activities that occur throughout its entirety [5].
Aratu Bay is a small system that includes the bay itself and a 4-km long channel (known as the Cotegipe channel, linking the central part of the bay to the TSB (Figure 1). Positioned at 12°48′ S and 38°28′ W, the bay has maximum dimensions of approximately 7 km in width and 4 km in length. Shallow in nature, it has an area-weighted depth of 1.8 m, with intertidal depths constituting 24% (5.7 km2) of the total bay area. In addition, 85% of the bay is shallower than 5 m, while deeper areas exceeding 10 m are primarily confined to the Cotegipe channel, reaching a maximum depth of 40 m [6]. Moreover, Aratu Bay encompasses numerous peninsulas featuring dense Atlantic Forest vegetation, along with areas of bare sand and pebble beaches, sparsely vegetated mangroves, and inlets subjected to tidal fluctuations [7].
Despite numerous studies on the benthic and planktonic diversity in Aratu Bay [8,9,10,11,12,13], the ichthyofauna of this bay remains poorly understood, despite its importance to local fishermen. Information regarding the fish fauna is primarily available for other areas within the TSB, such as the shallow waters of Itaparica Island [3,14,15], Itapema region [16], Paraguaçu River estuary [15,17], and the northern part of the bay [4,18].
Information concerning the structure of fish communities plays a fundamental role in ecosystem management, conservation planning, and environmental impact assessment by providing comprehensive insights into biodiversity and aiding in the efficient distribution of conservation resources [19]. This paper provides an updated checklist of costal marine fishes from Aratu Bay, Bahia state, eastern Brazil. We provide additional information about geographic distributions, size, trophic categories, and conservation status.

2. Materials and Methods

From 2014 to 2024, fish were caught during biannual sampling campaigns, encompassing both the dry and wet seasons at eight sampling sites within Aratu Bay. A combination of fishing techniques and underwater census was employed, tailored to specific habitat types. The fish were collected using three gill nets for each mesh size—20 mm (n = 3), 30 mm (n = 3), and 35 mm (n = 3)—each net measuring 150 m in length and 2.50 m in depth, and equipped with an upper hoop floating apparatus. These nets were deployed at the same sampling stations using a 36-foot boat, with harvesting conducted every two hours over a 12-h period of nocturnal sampling. Additionally, three minnow traps per station were deployed, using fresh fish meat as bait, and left in place for 12 h [20]. In areas with hard bottoms, visual censuses were carried out using the Roving Diver Technique [21], which involves intensive random searches to record the maximum possible numbers of fish species along each station during the entire duration of a dive (typically 30–40 min each, n = 160). Data collected during these samplings were recorded using standardized tables and PVC plates; digital photographs were taken where possible. The specimens were collected under a license from the Institute of Environment and Water Resources in the state of Bahia (INEMA; authorization n°. 17.731).
Measurements of metric characteristics and meristic counts were performed on the collected specimens, which were then identified according to the current taxonomic references [22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. The checklist is organized in taxonomic order, in accordance with [29], unless specified otherwise. Species names are alphabetized within each family. The authority is included based on current usage in the “Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes” [30].
The traits of each species, such as trophic guilds, body size, geographic distribution, and conservation status, were described based on the literature [22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Trophic categories included herbivores/detritivores, macrocarnivores, mobile invertebrate feeders, omnivores, planktivores, and sessile invertebrate feeders. The conservation status of each species was determined following the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species’ categories.

3. Results

A total of 109 fish species belonging to 58 families and 24 orders were recorded in Aratu Bay, comprising 4 elasmobranchs and 104 actinopterygians (Table S1). Acanthuriformes had the largest number of families (n = 11), followed by Carangiformes (n = 7) and Perciformes (n = 5) (Figure 2, left). The five most species-rich families were Carangidae (n = 9), Gobiidae (n = 7), Sciaenidae (n = 6), Haemulidae, and Gerreidae (each with n = 5) (Figure 2, right). Five endemic species were registered: the Brazilian snapper, Lutjanus alexandrei Moura and Lindeman, 2007 (Figure 3A), the Muckraker, Gobionellus stomatus Starks, 1913, the Gray Parrotfish, Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner, 1878) (Figure 3B), the pufferfish, Sphoeroides camila Carvalho-Filho, Rotundo, Pitassy and Sazima, 2023 (Figure 3C) and the Brazilian Flounder Paralichthys brasiliensis (Ranzani, 1842 (Figure 3D). In addition, our monitoring identified the presence of two non-native species: the Muzzled blenny, Omobranchus sewalli (Fowler, 1931) and the Mud sleeper, Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker, 1849) (Figure 3E).
Regarding size classes, there was an equivalence between the large (n = 35) and medium (n = 34) species categories, followed by the medium–small (n = 30) and small (n = 10) species categories. The feeding habits of the specimens were as follows: mobile invertebrate feeders (n = 56), macrocarnivores (n = 34) herbivores (n = 7), planktivores (n = 5) omnivores (n = 4) and sessile invertebrate feeders (n = 3) (Figure 4).
Considering the IUCN assessments at the global level [28], 84.3% of the species are classified as “least concern”, 4.6% as “not evaluated”, 3.7% as “near threatened”, 2.7% as both “data deficient” and “endangered”, and 1.9% as “vulnerable” (Figure 5). According to the Brazilian red list [26,31], 75% of the species are classified as “least concern”, 9.3% as “data deficient”, 5.6% as both “not evaluated” and “vulnerable”, 3.7% as “near threatened”, and only 0.9% are classified as “critically endangered” (Figure 5). Among the species most at risk are elasmobranchs such as Pseudobatos percellens (Walbaum, 1792), Hypanus marianae (Gomes, Rosa and Gadig, 2000), Hypanus americanus (Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928), and Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790), as well as actinopterygians including Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), Ophidion holbrookii Putnam, 1874, Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933 (Figure 3G), S. axillare, Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier, 1828) (Figure 3H), and Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figure 3I) (Table S1).

4. Discussion

The fish species composition of Aratu Bay, situated within the TSB ecosystem, exhibited a similarity to the ichthyofauna typically found in other tropical estuarine environments in Brazil [3,17,32,33]. In other studies of ichthyofauna conducted in areas of TSB, between 71 and 124 species were found (Table 1). Among these studies, 152 fish species were identified in shallow environments, across marine and estuarine beaches in TSB [3,17,33,34,35]. However, this number is likely an underestimation of the true species richness in these habitats [35]. Official fisheries production data from 2002, 2003, 2005, and 2006, along with a case study from northern TSB between 2003 and 2005, identified 134 fish species from 52 families [36,37,38,39]. More recently, Oliveira-Silva et al. compiled data on the presence of up to 414 species across various environments in TSB [40]. The ichthyofauna of TSB is highly diverse (see references in Table 1), reflecting the varied habitats within the bay, including coral reefs, rocky shores, estuaries and mangroves [41,42,43,44].
However, these variations in the structure of tropical estuarine fish fauna depend on the type of estuary [45] and differences in spatial and temporal patterns of the community [46,47], as well as variations in sampling and fishing gear methods [48]. In Aratu Bay, the richest families in terms of species were Carangidae, Gobiidae, Scianidae, and Gerreidae. Similarly, these families emerged as the most representative in other locations of TSB [3,14,17,34,49,50], which aligns with patterns observed in some other bays and estuaries in Brazil [32,33,45,47].
Table 1. Number of fish species found in studies carried out in estuarine zones of the Todos os Santos Bay (Actinopteri and Elasmobranchii).
Table 1. Number of fish species found in studies carried out in estuarine zones of the Todos os Santos Bay (Actinopteri and Elasmobranchii).
Number of SpeciesActinopteriElasmobranchiiReference
107--[18]
85841[14]
70--[16]
37–5637–551[34]
40–6340–63-[3]
1241177[17]
1331312[51]
36351[49]
88826[4]
62--[52]
5353-[50]
44431[18]
1081044Present study
The presence of non-native fishes is another relevant concern (see [53]), as observed with the identification of two non-native species in Aratu Bay. The Muzzled blenny, O. sewalli, previously observed in Bahia state by [54] and [55] (cited as O. punctatus; [56]), and the Mud sleeper, B. koilomatodon, first described in the western Atlantic Ocean in Venezuela by [57] and subsequently reported along the Brazilian Coast by [58,59,60,61,62]. The invasive success of these fishes is attributed to their cryptic behavior, as both species seek refuge and lay eggs in small holes, which may predispose them to inhabit areas inside and around ports. These characteristics, combined with their tolerance to salinity variation, enable them to exploit ballast-intake holes, ship hulls, and offshore oil rigs [51,54,57,63].
Although the size classes revealed a greater composition of species ranging from large- to medium-sized fish, the majority of these specimens were juveniles and subadults, with very few exceeding 25 cm TL. This indicates that this area of this estuarine bay serves as an important nursery and essential habitat for fish, as is widely recognized globally [1,2,3,17,49]. These environments are extremely important for conservation, given the ecological and economic importance of ichthyofauna in this zone [4]. Conversely, the area experiences intense fishing activity (line and pole, nets), including prohibited practices such as fishing with explosives (Environmental Crimes Law 9605/98; [64]), the effects of which on the particular fish community remain unknown.
In Aratu bay, there is a dominance of predators, the category of mobile invertebrate feeders, followed by macrocarnivores (Figure 5). In accordance with findings from the coast of Paraíba [65] and Abrolhos-BA [66], mobile invertebrate feeders were also the most dominant group (56 species). Regarding the classification of carnivores, other studies conducted in Brazil found similar results, with the dominance of category carnivores, 38.6% in Guaratuba Bay [67], 37.4% in the estuary of the Rio Formoso [68], represented by consumers of benthic invertebrates and fish. The heterogeneity of estuarine environments supports the diversification of microhabitats, offering refuge and protection for species across different phyla, which increases fish access to invertebrates [69,70,71].
Knowledge of the trophic web helps in understanding the structure and allows us to describe the energy flow in ecosystems and the ecological relationships among organisms [72]. The trophic guilds structure in this study is similar to ichthyofauna of Brazilian estuaries, where the feeding habits of fish is quite diverse, herbivores are represented by few species and there is dominance by predatory species [44,64,73]. But most are not specialized, consuming several groups of invertebrates and vertebrates [44].
In terms of conservation status, three Elasmobranchii species are classified as Endangered by the IUCN: P. percellens, H. marianae, and A. narinari. Additionally, P. percellens and H. marianae, together with H. americanus, are listed as Vulnerable in the Brazilian Red Book of Threatened Fauna, whereas A. narinari is categorized as Data Deficient [26]. These species are facing population declines due to intensive fishing activities in their habitats [74]. For the Actinopteri, O. holbrookii Putnam, 1874 is listed as Critically Endangered in Brazil [26], yet it is globally considered Least Concern according to the latest IUCN [28] assessment. Three other species in the Brazilian Red List—H. reidi, S. axillare, and L. cyanopterus—are classified as Vulnerable, with L. cyanopterus also sharing this status globally. The snappers constitute one of the most representative groups (31.8%) in line fishing landings of this coastal zone, and their populations already show signs of over-exploitation [75,76,77].
This emphasizes the importance of recording and monitoring fish species occurrences over time. The data provide a baseline on the composition of coastal marine fish communities in Aratu Bay, an ecologically and commercially significant area, gathered from a decade-long monitoring program. This expands our understanding of the fish community in this ecosystem, offering insights into species composition, size, trophic categories, and conservation status—crucial data for the effective management of local species as ecological and economic resources.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/d16090517/s1, Table S1: Checklist of the fish species collected in the Aratu Bay and their ecological and distributional traits. Length Groups (LG: SMALL = 0–10 cm; MEDSMALL = 10–25 cm; MED = 25–50 cm; LARGE ≥ 50 cm); Trophic category (TG: HERB = Herbivores/Detritivores; MCAR = macrocarnivores; MINV = mobile invertebrate feeders; OMNI = omnivores; PLANK = planktivores; SINV = sessile invertebrate feeders); Geographic distribution (GD: WA = Western Atlantic; EA = Eastern Atlantic; MAR = Mid Atlantic Ridge; OIB = Oceanic Islands of Brazil; BR = Brazilian Province; SA = Southwestern Atlantic; EP = Eastern Pacific; CT = Circumtropical); International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status and national red list status (NE = Not Evaluated, DD = Data Deficient, LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, CR = Critically Endangered).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.V.M. and G.F.d.C.-S.; methodology, D.V.M. and G.F.d.C.-S.; formal analysis, D.V.M. and G.F.d.C.-S.; resources, C.C.C.; data curation, D.V.M. and G.F.d.C.-S.; writing—original draft preparation, D.V.M. and G.F.d.C.-S.; writing—review and editing, D.V.M., M.A.D., C.C.C. and G.F.d.C.-S.; supervision, G.F.d.C.-S.; project administration, M.A.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Terminal Portuário Cotegipe (TPC; Finance Code 001).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article and Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Lacerta Consultoria, Projetos e Assessoria Ambiental Ltd.a. for the logistic support in the development of this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Figure 1. Map of Aratu Bay within Todos os Santos Bay. Red circles indicate the sampling stations throughout the monitoring, performed from 2014–2024. Known pressures, such as port operations, industrial activities, marinas, and an oil refinery, are shown, as well as important coastal habitats like coral reefs and mangroves.
Figure 1. Map of Aratu Bay within Todos os Santos Bay. Red circles indicate the sampling stations throughout the monitoring, performed from 2014–2024. Known pressures, such as port operations, industrial activities, marinas, and an oil refinery, are shown, as well as important coastal habitats like coral reefs and mangroves.
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Figure 2. Number of families per orders (left); and Number of species per families recorded from Aratu Bay (right), shows the 11 most representative families.
Figure 2. Number of families per orders (left); and Number of species per families recorded from Aratu Bay (right), shows the 11 most representative families.
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Figure 3. Ichthyofauna of Aratu Bay, Brazil, as documented during fish monitoring campaigns from 2014 to 2024: (A) Lutjanus alexandrei Moura and Lindeman, 2007; (B) Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner, 1878); (C) Sphoeroides camila Carvalho-Filho, Rotundo, Pitassy and Sazima, 2023; (D) Paralichthys brasiliensis (Ranzani, 1842); (E) Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker, 1849); (F) Hypanus marianae (Gomes, Rosa and Gadig, 2000); (G) Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933; (H) Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier, 1828); (I) Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758); (J) Rypticus randalli Courtenay, 1967; (K) Ogcocephalus vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758); (L) Serranus flaviventris (Cuvier, 1829).
Figure 3. Ichthyofauna of Aratu Bay, Brazil, as documented during fish monitoring campaigns from 2014 to 2024: (A) Lutjanus alexandrei Moura and Lindeman, 2007; (B) Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner, 1878); (C) Sphoeroides camila Carvalho-Filho, Rotundo, Pitassy and Sazima, 2023; (D) Paralichthys brasiliensis (Ranzani, 1842); (E) Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker, 1849); (F) Hypanus marianae (Gomes, Rosa and Gadig, 2000); (G) Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933; (H) Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier, 1828); (I) Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758); (J) Rypticus randalli Courtenay, 1967; (K) Ogcocephalus vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758); (L) Serranus flaviventris (Cuvier, 1829).
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Figure 4. Proportion of species per trophic category. HERB = Herbivores/Detritivores; MCAR = macrocarnivores; MINV = mobile invertebrate feeders; OMNI = omnivores; PLANK = planktivores; SINV = sessile invertebrate feeders.
Figure 4. Proportion of species per trophic category. HERB = Herbivores/Detritivores; MCAR = macrocarnivores; MINV = mobile invertebrate feeders; OMNI = omnivores; PLANK = planktivores; SINV = sessile invertebrate feeders.
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Figure 5. The conservation status of the fish species (including both bony and cartilaginous fishes) listed for Aratu Bay according to the list of threatened species of the International Union for Nature Conservation—IUCN (left; [28]) and Brazilian National Red List (right; [26]). NE: Not Evaluated, DD: Data Deficient, LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered and CR: Critically endangered.
Figure 5. The conservation status of the fish species (including both bony and cartilaginous fishes) listed for Aratu Bay according to the list of threatened species of the International Union for Nature Conservation—IUCN (left; [28]) and Brazilian National Red List (right; [26]). NE: Not Evaluated, DD: Data Deficient, LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered and CR: Critically endangered.
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Medeiros, D.V.; Dias, M.A.; Cordeiro, C.C.; de Carvalho-Souza, G.F. Updated Checklist, Traits and Conservation Status of the Ichthyofauna of Aratu Bay, Eastern Brazil. Diversity 2024, 16, 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090517

AMA Style

Medeiros DV, Dias MA, Cordeiro CC, de Carvalho-Souza GF. Updated Checklist, Traits and Conservation Status of the Ichthyofauna of Aratu Bay, Eastern Brazil. Diversity. 2024; 16(9):517. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090517

Chicago/Turabian Style

Medeiros, Diego V., Marcelo A. Dias, Camila C. Cordeiro, and Gustavo F. de Carvalho-Souza. 2024. "Updated Checklist, Traits and Conservation Status of the Ichthyofauna of Aratu Bay, Eastern Brazil" Diversity 16, no. 9: 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090517

APA Style

Medeiros, D. V., Dias, M. A., Cordeiro, C. C., & de Carvalho-Souza, G. F. (2024). Updated Checklist, Traits and Conservation Status of the Ichthyofauna of Aratu Bay, Eastern Brazil. Diversity, 16(9), 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090517

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