Detection of Avian Haemosporidian Parasites in Wild Birds in Slovakia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Mist-Netting and Sampling Birds
2.3. Microscopic Analysis of Haemosporidians
2.4. Molecular Analysis of Haemosporidians
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Haemosporidian Infections Based on Microscopic and Molecular Analyses
3.2. Haemosporidian Infections in Juvenile Birds Based on Microscopic and Molecular Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bird Species | Infected with Haemoproteus/ Plasmodium/ Analyzed | Infected with Leucocytozoon/ Analyzed | Infected with Haemoproteus/ Plasmodium/Analyzed | Infected with Leucocytozoon/ Analyzed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urbanized Habitat | Natural Habitat | |||
Parus major | 5/37 | 12/37 | ||
Poecole montanus | 1/6 | 0/6 | ||
Cyanistes caeruleus | 1/9 | 3/9 | 1/4 | 1/4 |
Sylvia atricapilla * | 15/28 | 1/28 | 15/32 | 0/32 |
Sylvia communis * | 1/1 | 0/1 | ||
Sylvia curruca * | 1/4 | 0/4 | ||
Fringilla coelebs | 4/6 | 0/6 | 1/3 | 0/3 |
Emberiza citrinella | 1/1 | 0/1 | 2/4 | 0/4 |
Turdus merula | 8/9 | 1/9 | 4/4 | 0/4 |
Erithacus rubecula | 1/10 | 0/10 | 19/42 | 5/42 |
Emberiza schoeniculus | 3/15 | 0/15 | 1/2 | 0/2 |
Turdus philomelos | 2/2 | 1/2 | 1/1 | 0/1 |
Prunella modularis | 1/6 | 1/6 | ||
Carduelis carduelis | 3/11 | 0/11 | ||
Coccothraustes coccothraustes | 2/3 | 3/3 | ||
Scolopax rusticola * | 1/1 | 1/1 | ||
Emberiza cia | 1/2 | 0/2 | ||
Passer montanus | 1/2 | 0/2 | ||
Uninfected Total | 0/66 | 0/66 | 0/6 | 0/6 |
43/196 | 19/196 | 53/121 | 10/121 |
Bird Species | Haemosporidian Species |
---|---|
Urbanized habitat | |
Turdus merula | P. vaughani SYAT05, L. sp. |
Cyanistes caeruleus | P. relictum SGS1, L. sp. PARUS19 |
Parus major | P. relictum SGS1, L. sp. PARUS4 |
Parus major | P. relictum SGS1, L. sp. PARUS18 |
Parus major | P. relictum SGS1, L. sp. STUR1/TURPEL01 |
Sylvia atricapilla * | P. sp., L. sp. PARUS4 |
Turdus philomelos | P. circumflexum BT7, L. sp. |
Natural habitat | |
Erithacus rubecula | H. sp., L. sp. BT2 |
Scolopax rusticola * | H. sp., L. sp. |
Erithacus rubecula | H. attenuatus ROBIN1/LULU1, L. sp. SFC8 |
Coccothraustes coccothraustes | H. tartakovskyi sp. HAWF1, L. sp. |
Erithacus rubecula | P. circumflexum TURDUS1, L. sp. SYCON06 |
Coccothraustes coccothraustes | H. concavocentralis HAWF2, L. sp. |
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Minichová, L.; Slobodník, V.; Slobodník, R.; Olekšák, M.; Hamšíková, Z.; Škultéty, Ľ.; Špitalská, E. Detection of Avian Haemosporidian Parasites in Wild Birds in Slovakia. Diversity 2024, 16, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020121
Minichová L, Slobodník V, Slobodník R, Olekšák M, Hamšíková Z, Škultéty Ľ, Špitalská E. Detection of Avian Haemosporidian Parasites in Wild Birds in Slovakia. Diversity. 2024; 16(2):121. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020121
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinichová, Lenka, Vladimír Slobodník, Roman Slobodník, Milan Olekšák, Zuzana Hamšíková, Ľudovít Škultéty, and Eva Špitalská. 2024. "Detection of Avian Haemosporidian Parasites in Wild Birds in Slovakia" Diversity 16, no. 2: 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020121