Diversity of Epiphytic Subaerial Algal Communities in Bangkok, Thailand, and Their Potential Bioindicator with Air Pollution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Measurement of Air Pollutants
2.4. Assessment of Diversity of the Subaerial Epiphytic Communities
2.4.1. Merging of Paired-End Reads and Quality Control
2.4.2. Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) Denoising and Taxon Annotation
2.5. Indices of Algal Community Structure
2.6. Potential for Use of the Relationship between Algal Diversity and Abundance and the Air Pollutants
3. Results
3.1. Diversity and Abundance of Algae
3.2. Types of Air Pollutants
3.3. Index Values for Algal Communities
3.4. Relationship between Diversity of Taxa and Air Pollutants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Northern Site | Eastern Site | Central Site | Western Site | Southern Site | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oscillatoria sp. | 163 | 9 | 22 | 7911 | 102 |
Scytonema mirabile | 1106 | 265 | 255 | 5232 | 656 |
Microcoleus sp. 1 | 7941 | 1454 | 2922 | 1144 | 1004 |
Chroococcidiopsis sp. 1 | 1302 | 12,391 | 602 | 962 | 1013 |
Gloeocapsopsis sp. | 7 | 28 | 8 | 900 | 19 |
Stanieria sp. | 16 | 7 | 18 | 793 | 14 |
Tolypothrix sp. 1 | 61 | 140 | 6186 | 242 | 301 |
Microchaete diplosiphon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 199 | 3 |
Scytonema sp. 1 | 0 | 164 | 22 | 160 | 444 |
Tolypothrix sp. 2 | 506 | 244 | 140 | 152 | 165 |
Calothrix sp. 3 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 131 | 1 |
Pleurocapsa minor | 90 | 22 | 20 | 122 | 32 |
Cyanothece sp. 1 | 4 | 2057 | 3543 | 92 | 291 |
Hyella patelloides | 0 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 2 |
Calothrix sp. 2 | 64 | 6 | 18 | 40 | 156 |
Nostoc piscinale | 0 | 1 | 1 | 39 | 0 |
Chondrocystis sp. | 2 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 0 |
Chroococcidiopsis thermalis | 15 | 98 | 10 | 33 | 52 |
Brasilonema sp. | 0 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 2 |
Calothrix sp. 1 | 0 | 396 | 6 | 17 | 6 |
Cyanothece sp. 3 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 5 |
Gloeocapsa sp. | 164 | 1118 | 282 | 13 | 95 |
Microcoleus sp. 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
Lusitaniella coriacea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 198 |
Cyanothece sp. 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
Nostoc linckia | 1 | 76 | 1 | 11 | 0 |
Calothrix brevissima | 0 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 0 |
Cyanothece sp. 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Nostoc sp. 1 | 61 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0 |
Scytonema hofmannii | 33 | 0 | 11 | 8 | 12 |
Oscillatoria nigro-viridis | 28 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
Nostoc sp. 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
Cylindrospermum stagnale | 0 | 551 | 13 | 6 | 0 |
Scytonema crispum | 0 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 17 |
Gloeobacter kilaueensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 |
Oculatella neakameniensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Leptolyngbya sp. 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
Leptolyngbya sp. 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Scytonema sp. 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Lyngbya aestuarii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Calothrix sp. 4 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 0 |
Synechococcus lividus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
Oscillatoria acuminata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Trichormus azollae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Nodosilinea sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Thermosynechococcus sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Crinalium epipsammum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Sphaerospermopsis kisseleviana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Fischerella muscicola | 0 | 19 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Pleurocapsa sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Dolichospermum compactum | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 72 |
Stanieria cyanosphaera | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 |
Cyanothece sp. 2 | 40 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 22 |
Nostoc punctiforme | 1 | 211 | 2 | 0 | 15 |
Cylindrospermum muscicola | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Calothrix sp. 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Anabaena sp. 1 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 1 |
Calothrix sp. 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Jaaginema litorale | 9 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Cylindrospermum sp. | 75 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cyanothece sp. 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Camptylonemopsis sp. | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gloeocapsopsis crepidinum | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chroococcidiopsis sp. 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cyanobium gracile | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Leptolyngbya sp. 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nostoc carneum | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Phormidium tinctorium | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Synechococcus sp. | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Diadesmis sp. | 49 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 5 |
Nitzschia sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Cylindrotheca closterium | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Watanabea reniformis | 21 | 97 | 17 | 16 | 53 |
Ignatius tetrasporus | 37 | 20 | 5 | 20 | 27 |
Nannochloris normandinae | 17 | 135 | 36 | 47 | 13 |
Scenedesmus | 4 | 104 | 24 | 236 | 13 |
Trebouxia corticola | 5 | 2090 | 38 | 6 | 5 |
Trebouxia australis | 0 | 9 | 0 | 14 | 2 |
Chloromonas perforata | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Pyramimonas disomata | 3 | 13 | 0 | 232 | 2 |
Xylochloris irregularis | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 1 |
Lobosphaera incisa | 3 | 13 | 0 | 18 | 1 |
Edaphochlorella mirabilis | 0 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Dilabifilum sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 0 |
Heterochlorella | 0 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 0 |
Friedmannia sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Symbiochloris reticulata | 12 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Acutodesmus sp. | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Parachlorella kessleri | 46 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Trebouxia decolorans | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Symbiochloris irregularis | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Stichococcus sp. | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chlamydomonas zebra | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Monodopsis sp. 2 | 22 | 16 | 14 | 0 | 28 |
Nannochloropsis oculata | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chlorokybus atmophyticus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 21 |
Klebsormidium sp. 2 | 12 | 3 | 35 | 11 | 6 |
Klebsormidium sp. 1 | 0 | 19 | 13 | 83 | 1 |
Klebsormidium flaccidum | 12,763 | 10 | 91 | 22 | 0 |
Klebsormidium sp. 3 | 0 | 20 | 23 | 0 | 0 |
CO | NO2 | O3 | PM2.5 | PM10 | SO2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oscillatoria sp. | −0.236 | −0.509 | 0.400 | 0.498 | −0.358 | −0.547 |
Scytonema mirabile | −0.097 | −0.378 | 0.274 | 0.549 | −0.239 | −0.580 |
Microcoleus sp. 1 | 0.939 * | 0.730 | −0.510 | −0.307 | 0.916 * | −0.354 |
Chroococcidiopsis sp. 1 | −0.327 | −0.276 | 0.294 | −0.026 | 0.046 | 0.784 |
Gloeocapsopsis sp. | −0.264 | −0.532 | 0.420 | 0.500 | −0.377 | −0.524 |
Stanieria sp. | −0.247 | −0.521 | 0.413 | 0.487 | −0.370 | −0.551 |
Tolypothrix sp. 1 | −0.287 | −0.334 | 0.475 | −0.857 | −0.368 | −0.369 |
Microchaete diplosiphon | −0.254 | −0.521 | 0.409 | 0.499 | −0.375 | −0.538 |
Scytonema sp. 1 | −0.386 | 0.034 | −0.317 | 0.678 | −0.460 | 0.562 |
Tolypothrix sp. 2 | 0.925 * | 0.773 | −0.610 | −0.022 | 0.999 ** | −0.048 |
Calothrix sp. 3 | 0.017 | −0.312 | 0.244 | 0.498 | −0.114 | −0.633 |
Pleurocapsa minor | 0.399 | 0.061 | −0.081 | 0.505 | 0.258 | −0.648 |
Cyanothece sp. 1 | −0.499 | −0.495 | 0.638 | −0.866 | −0.371 | 0.082 |
Hyella patelloides | −0.255 | −0.520 | 0.406 | 0.504 | −0.377 | −0.536 |
Calothrix sp. 2 | 0.222 | 0.583 | −0.781 | 0.572 | 0.000 | 0.209 |
Nostoc piscinale | −0.277 | −0.555 | 0.450 | 0.469 | −0.387 | −0.536 |
Chondrocystis sp. | −0.194 | −0.484 | 0.386 | 0.486 | −0.317 | −0.573 |
Chroococcidiopsis thermalis | −0.470 | −0.263 | 0.145 | 0.329 | −0.175 | 0.880 * |
Brasilonema sp. | −0.320 | −0.553 | 0.419 | 0.557 | −0.413 | −0.432 |
Calothrix sp. 1 | −0.388 | −0.340 | 0.353 | −0.041 | −0.017 | 0.734 |
Cyanothece sp. 3 | 0.079 | −0.110 | −0.036 | 0.785 | −0.051 | −0.384 |
Gloeocapsa sp. | −0.332 | −0.279 | 0.347 | −0.262 | 0.042 | 0.713 |
Microcoleus sp. 3 | −0.262 | −0.555 | 0.459 | 0.502 | −0.305 | −0.427 |
Lusitaniella coriacea | −0.122 | 0.324 | −0.561 | 0.527 | −0.288 | 0.414 |
Cyanothece sp. 4 | −0.364 | −0.631 | 0.524 | 0.491 | −0.380 | −0.347 |
Nostoc linckia | −0.402 | −0.390 | 0.398 | 0.004 | −0.035 | 0.682 |
Calothrix brevissima | −0.445 | −0.750 | 0.691 | 0.205 | −0.522 | −0.564 |
Cyanothece sp. 5 | −0.056 | −0.374 | 0.297 | 0.495 | −0.183 | −0.615 |
Nostoc sp. 1 | 0.975 * | 0.752 | −0.591 | −0.001 | 0.943 * | −0.342 |
Scytonema hofmannii | 0.964 ** | 0.841 | −0.709 | −0.059 | 0.805 | −0.444 |
Oscillatoria nigro-viridis | 0.949 * | 0.689 | −0.547 | 0.079 | 0.893 * | −0.427 |
Nostoc sp. 2 | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Cylindrospermum stagnale | −0.376 | −0.327 | 0.349 | −0.070 | −0.003 | 0.734 |
Scytonema crispum | −0.329 | 0.044 | −0.259 | 0.296 | −0.577 | 0.111 |
Gloeobacter kilaueensis | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes | −0.097 | −0.226 | 0.044 | 0.737 | −0.300 | −0.447 |
Oculatella neakameniensis | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Leptolyngbya sp. 2 | −0.287 | −0.451 | 0.280 | 0.634 | −0.450 | −0.446 |
Leptolyngbya sp. 3 | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Scytonema sp. 2 | −0.486 | −0.563 | 0.530 | 0.178 | −0.167 | 0.491 |
Lyngbya aestuarii | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Calothrix sp. 4 | −0.585 | −0.790 | 0.917 * | −0.705 | −0.503 | 0.281 |
Synechococcus lividus | −0.226 | 0.103 | −0.384 | 0.728 | −0.441 | 0.185 |
Oscillatoria acuminata | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Trichormus azollae | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Nodosilinea sp. | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Thermosynechococcus sp. | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Crinalium epipsammum | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Sphaerospermopsis kisseleviana | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Fischerella muscicola | −0.402 | −0.367 | 0.389 | −0.077 | −0.031 | 0.711 |
Pleurocapsa sp. | 0.600 | 0.231 | −0.184 | 0.356 | 0.485 | −0.662 |
Dolichospermum compactum | −0.079 | 0.375 | −0.600 | 0.493 | −0.238 | 0.436 |
Stanieria cyanosphaera | −0.010 | 0.438 | −0.654 | 0.495 | −0.172 | 0.423 |
Cyanothece sp. 2 | 0.914 * | 0.988 ** | −0.941 ** | 0.210 | 0.842 | 0.045 |
Nostoc punctiforme | −0.377 | −0.293 | 0.299 | −0.031 | −0.009 | 0.783 |
Cylindrospermum muscicola | −0.106 | 0.350 | −0.578 | 0.491 | −0.263 | 0.440 |
Calothrix sp. 6 | −0.106 | 0.350 | −0.578 | 0.491 | −0.263 | 0.440 |
Anabaena sp. 1 | −0.272 | −0.310 | 0.453 | −0.861 | −0.353 | −0.358 |
Calothrix sp. 5 | −0.265 | −0.321 | 0.472 | −0.873 | −0.339 | −0.372 |
Jaaginema litorale | 0.875 | 0.668 | −0.430 | −0.456 | 0.818 | −0.442 |
Cylindrospermum sp. | 0.949 * | 0.774 | −0.599 | −0.066 | 0.994 ** | −0.139 |
Cyanothece sp. 6 | −0.364 | −0.312 | 0.331 | −0.055 | 0.008 | 0.743 |
Camptylonemopsis sp. | −0.364 | −0.312 | 0.331 | −0.055 | 0.008 | 0.743 |
Gloeocapsopsis crepidinum | −0.364 | −0.312 | 0.331 | −0.055 | 0.008 | 0.743 |
Chroococcidiopsis sp. 2 | −0.364 | −0.312 | 0.331 | −0.055 | 0.008 | 0.743 |
Cyanobium gracile | −0.364 | −0.312 | 0.331 | −0.055 | 0.008 | 0.743 |
Leptolyngbya sp. 1 | 0.986 ** | 0.807 | −0.641 | −0.055 | 0.964 ** | −0.268 |
Nostoc carneum | 0.986 ** | 0.807 | −0.641 | −0.055 | 0.964 ** | −0.268 |
Phormidium tinctorium | 0.986 ** | 0.807 | −0.641 | −0.055 | 0.964 ** | −0.268 |
Synechococcus sp. | 0.986 ** | 0.807 | −0.641 | −0.055 | 0.964 ** | −0.268 |
Diadesmis sp. | 0.986 ** | 0.802 | −0.627 | −0.107 | 0.940 * | −0.332 |
Nitzschia sp. | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Cylindrotheca closterium | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Watanabea reniformis | −0.371 | −0.112 | 0.035 | 0.164 | −0.063 | 0.957 * |
Ignatius tetrasporus | 0.774 | 0.801 | −0.835 | 0.589 | 0.761 | 0.142 |
Nannochloris normandinae | −0.494 | −0.538 | 0.563 | −0.090 | −0.138 | 0.564 |
Scenedesmus | −0.461 | −0.713 | 0.611 | 0.437 | −0.429 | −0.252 |
Trebouxia corticola | −0.370 | −0.319 | 0.340 | −0.069 | 0.003 | 0.739 |
Trebouxia australis | −0.500 | −0.676 | 0.547 | 0.528 | −0.404 | −0.010 |
Chloromonas perforata | 0.547 | 0.857 | −0.962 ** | 0.424 | 0.386 | 0.236 |
Pyramimonas disomata | −0.263 | −0.537 | 0.428 | 0.500 | −0.364 | −0.511 |
Xylochloris irregularis | −0.396 | −0.572 | 0.406 | 0.632 | −0.460 | −0.285 |
Lobosphaera incisa | −0.369 | −0.605 | 0.524 | 0.469 | −0.230 | −0.021 |
Edaphochlorella mirabilis | −0.758 | −0.735 | 0.700 | −0.073 | −0.462 | 0.542 |
Dilabifilum sp. | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Heterochlorella | −0.406 | −0.701 | 0.693 | −0.086 | −0.566 | −0.750 |
Friedmannia sp. | −0.252 | −0.524 | 0.416 | 0.491 | −0.370 | −0.542 |
Symbiochloris reticulata | 0.762 | 0.584 | −0.415 | −0.038 | 0.944 * | 0.106 |
Acutodesmus sp. | −0.452 | −0.481 | 0.641 | −0.896 * | −0.333 | 0.015 |
Parachlorella kessleri | 0.957 * | 0.771 | −0.578 | −0.153 | 0.980 ** | −0.211 |
Trebouxia decolorans | −0.364 | −0.312 | 0.331 | −0.055 | 0.008 | 0.743 |
Symbiochloris irregularis | 0.986 ** | 0.807 | −0.641 | −0.055 | 0.964 ** | −0.268 |
Stichococcus sp. | 0.986 ** | 0.807 | −0.641 | −0.055 | 0.964 ** | −0.268 |
Chlamydomonas zebra | 0.986 ** | 0.807 | −0.641 | −0.055 | 0.964 ** | −0.268 |
Monodopsis sp. 2 | 0.382 | 0.763 | −0.775 | −0.034 | 0.384 | 0.560 |
Nannochloropsis oculata | 0.986 ** | 0.807 | −0.641 | −0.055 | 0.964 ** | −0.268 |
Chlorokybus atmophyticus | −0.119 | 0.329 | −0.564 | 0.520 | −0.284 | 0.419 |
Klebsormidium sp. 2 | −0.085 | −0.230 | 0.392 | −0.802 | −0.232 | −0.618 |
Klebsormidium sp. 1 | −0.405 | −0.689 | 0.597 | 0.381 | −0.459 | −0.461 |
Klebsormidium flaccidum | 0.986 ** | 0.806 | −0.638 | −0.060 | 0.963 ** | −0.272 |
Klebsormidium sp. 3 | −0.506 | −0.516 | 0.661 | −0.798 | −0.288 | 0.243 |
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Sampling Sites | Location | Approximate GPS Coordinates | Altitude (m) | Date of Collection |
---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Urban Site (Vachirabenjatas Park) | Bangkok | 13°48.605′ N, 100°33.265′ E | 2–7 | 14 May 2022 |
Eastern Urban Site (Suan Luang Rama IX) | Bangkok | 13°41.288′ N, 100°39.488′ E | 2–7 | 15 May 2022 |
Central Urban Site (Lumpini Park) | Bangkok | 13°43.884′ N, 100°32.486′ E | 4–6 | 14 May 2022 |
Western Urban Site (Thawi Wanarom Park) | Bangkok | 13°44.645′ N, 100°21.139′ E | 3–6 | 13 May 2022 |
Southern Urban Site (Thonburirom Park) | Bangkok | 13°39.121′ N, 100°29.484′ E | 4–5 | 13 May 2022 |
Division | Order | Family | (n) Taxa |
---|---|---|---|
Cyanophyta | Spirulinales | Lusitaniellaceae | (1) Lusitaniella coriacea |
Synechococcales | Leptolyngbyaceae | (5) Leptolyngbya sp. 1, Leptolyngbya sp. 2, Oculatella neakameniensis, Leptolyngbya sp. 3, Nodosilinea sp. | |
Pseudanabaenaceae | (1) Jaaginema littorale | ||
Synechococcaceae | (4) Synechococcus lividus, Synechococcus sp. Cyanobium gracile, Thermosynechococcus sp. | ||
Pleurocapsales | Dermocarpellaceae | (2) Stanieria sp.*, Stanieria cyanosphaera | |
Hyellaceae | (3) Pleurocapsa minor *, Hyella patelloides, Pleurocapsa sp. | ||
Oscillatoriales | Coleofasciculaceae | (1) Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes | |
Cyanothecaceae | (6) Cyanothece sp. 1 *, Cyanothece sp. 2, Cyanothece sp. 3, Cyanothece sp. 4, Cyanothece sp. 5, Cyanothece sp. 6 | ||
Gomontiellaceae | (1) Crinalium epipsammum | ||
Microcoleaceae | (2) Microcoleus sp. 1 *, Microcoleus sp. 3 | ||
Oscillatoriaceae | (5) Oscillatoria nigro-viridis, Lyngbya aestuarii, Phormidium tinctorium, Oscillatoria acuminata, Oscillatoria sp. * | ||
Nostocales | Aphanizomenonaceae | (2) Dolichospermum compactum, Sphaerospermopsis kisseleviana | |
Hapalosiphonaceae | (1) Fischerella muscicola | ||
Nostocaceae | (12) Cylindrospermum stagnale, Nostoc punctiforme, Nostoc linckia, Cylindrospermum sp., Nostoc sp. 1, Nostoc piscinale, Anabaena sp. 1, Nostoc sp. 2, Camptylonemopsis sp., Nostoc carneum, Trichormus azollae, Cylindrospermum muscicola | ||
Rivulariaceae | (8) Calothrix sp. 1, Calothrix sp. 2 *, Microchaete diplosiphon, Calothrix sp. 3, Calothrix brevissima, Calothrix sp. 4, Calothrix sp. 5, Calothrix sp. 6 | ||
Scytonemataceae | (6) Scytonema mirabile *, Scytonema sp. 1, Scytonema hofmannii, Scytonema crispum, Brasilonema sp., Scytonema sp. 2 | ||
Tolypothrichaceae | (2) Tolypothrix sp. 1 *, Tolypothrix sp. 2 * | ||
Gloeobacterales | Gloeobacteraceae | (1) Gloeobacter kilaueensis | |
Chroococcidiopsidales | Chroococcidiopsidaceae | (3) Chroococcidiopsis sp. 1 *, Chroococcidiopsis thermalis*, Chroococcidiopsis sp. 2 | |
Chroococcales | Chroococcaceae | (4) Gloeocapsa sp. *, Gloeocapsopsis sp. *, Chondrocystis sp., Gloeocapsopsis crepidinum | |
Bacillariophyta | Bacillariales | Bacillariaceae | (2) Nitzschia sp., Cylindrotheca closterium |
Diadesmidaceae | (1) Diadesmis sp. * | ||
Chlorophyta | Chaetophorales | Chaetophoraceae | (1) Dilabifilum sp. |
Chlamydomonadales | Chlamydomonadaceae | (2) Chloromonas perforata, Chlamydomonas zebra | |
Sphaeropleales | Scenedesmaceae | (2) Scenedesmus sp. *, Acutodesmus sp. | |
Trebouxiales | Trebouxiaceae | (8) Trebouxia corticola *, Friedmannia sp., Heterochlorella, Xylochloris irregularis, Symbiochloris irregularis, Symbiochloris reticulata, Trebouxia australis, Trebouxia decolorans | |
Chlorellales | Chlorellaceae | (3) Nannochloris normandinae *, Lobosphaera incisa, Parachlorella kessleri | |
Prasiolales | Prasiolaceae | (1) Edaphochlorella mirabilis | |
Stichococcaceae | (1) Stichococcus sp. | ||
Watanabeales | Watanabeaceae | (1) Watanabea reniformis * | |
Ignatiales | Ignatiaceae | (1) Ignatius tetrasporus * | |
Pyramimonadales | Pyramimonadaceae | (1) Pyramimonas disomata | |
Eustigmatophyta | Eustigmatales | Monodopsidaceae | (2) Monodopsis sp. 2, Nannochloropsis oculata |
Charophyta | Chlorokybales | Chlorokybaceae | (1) Chlorokybus atmophyticus |
Klebsormidiales | Klebsormidiaceae | (4) Klebsormidium flaccidum, Klebsormidium sp. 1, Klebsormidium sp. 2 *, Klebsormidium sp. 3 |
Diversity Index (H’) | Richness Index | Equitability Index (J’) | |
---|---|---|---|
Northern Site | 1.37 | 4.43 | 0.30 |
Eastern Site | 1.71 | 4.65 | 0.37 |
Central Site | 1.58 | 3.84 | 0.34 |
Western Site | 1.95 | 6.19 | 0.42 |
Southern Site | 2.51 | 4.75 | 0.54 |
Northern Site | Eastern Site | Central Site | Western Site | Southern Site | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Site | – | 8.00 | 22.99 | 15.19 | 27.22 |
Eastern Site | – | – | 31.92 | 24.29 | 41.04 |
Central Site | – | – | – | 41.00 | 64.82 |
Western Site | – | – | – | – | 54.26 |
Southern Site | – | – | – | – | – |
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Saraphol, S.; Rindi, F.; Sanevas, N. Diversity of Epiphytic Subaerial Algal Communities in Bangkok, Thailand, and Their Potential Bioindicator with Air Pollution. Diversity 2024, 16, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010055
Saraphol S, Rindi F, Sanevas N. Diversity of Epiphytic Subaerial Algal Communities in Bangkok, Thailand, and Their Potential Bioindicator with Air Pollution. Diversity. 2024; 16(1):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010055
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaraphol, Santi, Fabio Rindi, and Nuttha Sanevas. 2024. "Diversity of Epiphytic Subaerial Algal Communities in Bangkok, Thailand, and Their Potential Bioindicator with Air Pollution" Diversity 16, no. 1: 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16010055