Systematics and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of the Enigmatic Late Jurassic Shark Protospinax annectans Woodward, 1918 with Comments on the Shark–Ray Sister Group Relationship
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Phylogenetic Analyses
2.3. Reviewed Fossil Material
2.4. Reviewed Extant Material
2.5. Institutional Abbreviations
3. Results
3.1. Systematic Paleontology
3.1.1. Nomenclatural Notes
3.1.2. Revised Diagnosis
3.1.3. Description
3.2. Phylogenetic Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Phylogenetic Implications for the Sister Group Relationship of Sharks and Rays
4.2. Phylogenetic Implications for the Superorders Batomorphii, Squalomorphii, and Galeomorphii
4.3. Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Protospinax annectans with Comments on the “Hypnosqualea” Clade
4.3.1. Revision of the Hypnosqualean Characters Proposed by Shirai [44]
4.3.2. Protospinax as a Basal Hypnosqualean as Proposed by de Carvalho and Maisey [47]
4.3.3. Protospinax as A Squaliform Shark as Proposed by Villalobos-Segura et al. [59]
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PBP-SOL-8007 | MB 14-12-22-1 | UMN Uncatalogued | NHMUK PV P 8775 * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measurements | cm | % of PCL | cm | % of PCL | cm | % of PCL | cm | % of PCL |
TL | 103.2 | 116.96 | - | - | 163.3 | 118.33 | - | - |
PCL | 88.2 | 100.00 | 119.1 | 100.00 | 138.0 | 100.00 | 84.6 | 100 |
POB | 9.8 | 11.05 | 13.4 | 11.21 | 15.0 | 10.86 | 10.6 | 12.54 |
HDL | 22.3 | 25.31 | 30.4 | 25.55 | 33.9 | 24.58 | 27.5 | 32.6 |
HDW | 17.0 | 19.29 | 20.7 | 17.37 | 22.9 | 16.56 | 19.9 | 23.5 |
PP1 | 25.9 | 29.38 | 33.2 | 27.91 | 36.4 | 26.38 | - | - |
P1L | 18.5 | 20.93 | 26.8 | 22.47 | 28.8 | 20.85 | 18.7 | 22.09 |
P1H | 17.9 | 20.26 | 22.2 | 18.66 | 27.2 | 19.74 | 13.6 | 16.02 |
PFS | 46.1 | 52.25 | 59.6 | 50.04 | 74.2 | 53.79 | 41.8 | 49.4 |
PD1 | 48.9 | 55.40 | 63.6 | 53.39 | 77.6 | 56.21 | - | - |
D1L | 8.4 | 9.48 | 12.5 | 10.45 | 12.0 | 8.73 | - | - |
D1H | 12.5 | 14.18 | 13.6 | 11.40 | 15.2 | 10.98 | - | - |
IDS | 15.8 | 17.95 | 23.6 | 19.85 | 24.4 | 17.65 | - | - |
PD2 | 73.2 | 82.97 | 98.6 | 82.82 | 114.3 | 82.85 | - | - |
D2L | 8.1 | 9.18 | 10.7 | 9.01 | 11.5 | 8.36 | - | - |
D2H | 11.5 | 12.99 | 15.2 | 12.74 | 17.4 | 12.64 | - | - |
DCS | 6.7 | 7.60 | 9.1 | 7.67 | 13.5 | 9.78 | - | - |
PP2 | 40.1 | 45.51 | 50.4 | 42.27 | 56.7 | 41.08 | 41.4 | 48.96 |
P2L | 19.0 | 21.57 | 28.6 | 24.04 | 29.5 | 21.37 | 15.7 | 18.61 |
P2H | 7.3 | 8.21 | 11.5 | 9.64 | 10.5 | 7.63 | 7.5 | 8.91 |
CFL | 15.0 | 16.96 | - | - | 25.0 | 18.13 | - | - |
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Jambura, P.L.; Villalobos-Segura, E.; Türtscher, J.; Begat, A.; Staggl, M.A.; Stumpf, S.; Kindlimann, R.; Klug, S.; Lacombat, F.; Pohl, B.; et al. Systematics and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of the Enigmatic Late Jurassic Shark Protospinax annectans Woodward, 1918 with Comments on the Shark–Ray Sister Group Relationship. Diversity 2023, 15, 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030311
Jambura PL, Villalobos-Segura E, Türtscher J, Begat A, Staggl MA, Stumpf S, Kindlimann R, Klug S, Lacombat F, Pohl B, et al. Systematics and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of the Enigmatic Late Jurassic Shark Protospinax annectans Woodward, 1918 with Comments on the Shark–Ray Sister Group Relationship. Diversity. 2023; 15(3):311. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030311
Chicago/Turabian StyleJambura, Patrick L., Eduardo Villalobos-Segura, Julia Türtscher, Arnaud Begat, Manuel Andreas Staggl, Sebastian Stumpf, René Kindlimann, Stefanie Klug, Frederic Lacombat, Burkhard Pohl, and et al. 2023. "Systematics and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of the Enigmatic Late Jurassic Shark Protospinax annectans Woodward, 1918 with Comments on the Shark–Ray Sister Group Relationship" Diversity 15, no. 3: 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030311