Survival of Nematode Larvae Strongyloides papillosus and Haemonchus contortus under the Influence of Various Groups of Organic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name, CAS number | Formula | Use |
---|---|---|
Methanol CAS 67-56-1 | CH3OH | It is used in the food industry, including in some food products and beverages in low concentrations. It is a component of plastics, paints, automobile parts, and construction materials. This compound is used to fill up cars, ships, fuel cells, pots, and kitchen stoves. |
Propan-2-ol CAS 67-63-0 | C3H8O1 | It is used to obtain acetone as a solvent of fats, natural and synthetic resins, and nitro varnishes; also to extract alkaloids, proteins, chlorophyll, to prepare liquid soap, complex ethers, etc. In many cosmetic products and pharmaceutical drugs, this compound substitutes ethyl alcohol. Also, it is used to improve fuel quality. In households, propan-2-ol can be used to remove unpleasant smells in footwear. |
Propylene glycol-1,2 CAS 623-84-7 | C3H8O2 | It is used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. It has bactericidal properties. It is used to sterilize air, and to prepare medications (anti-inflammatory and bactericidal drugs). It is a compound in drugs for wound healing in cases of deep thermal or chemical burns, drugs that are used in veterinary medicine. In cosmetics, it is used to manufacture shampoos, emulsions, pastes, creams, lipsticks, and other preparations. |
Octadecanol-1 (stearyl alcohol) CAS 112-92-5 | C18H38O | It is used in lubricants, resins, perfumes, and cosmetics; manufacturing of shampoos, hair conditioners, and as an emollient additive in ointments |
Phytol CAS 150-86-7 | C20H40O | It is used in perfumery and cosmetics, in the making of shampoos, toilet soap, household cleaners, and detergents |
4-Methyl-2-pentanol CAS 108-11-2 | C6H14O | In the food industry, it is used as a flavoring. It is included in glues, agents for removing glues, paints, wood stains, and similar goods. It is broadly used in the automobile industry and is also utilized in perfumery. |
2-Ethoxyethanol CAS 110-80-5 | C4H10O2 | It is used as a solvent. In the semiconductor industry, the compound is utilized as a component of varnishes and paints. It is used for making agents for the removal of varnishes, printing ink, wood stains, and epoxy resin. |
Butyl glycol CAS 111-76-2 | C6H14O2 | In the paint and varnish industry, it is used as a solvent in paints, surface coatings, and inks. It is present in spray varnishes, agents for the removal of varnishes, paints, liquid soap, de-fattening agents, leather protectors, cleaning agents, printing pastes, emulsions, cosmetics, and herbicides. |
Glutaraldehyde CAS 111-30-8 | C5H8O2 | It is used as a tanning agent in the tanning industry and the production of fabrics. In microscopy, it is used for the fixation of the tissues of animals in histochemical and histological assays, especially in electronic microscopy. |
1,4-Diethyl 2-methyl-3-oxo-butanedioate (Diethyl 2-me-thyl-3-oxosuccinate, Diethyl oxalpropionate) CAS 759-65-9 | C9H14O5 | Component for chemical synthesis. Seriously irritates skin and eyes. |
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid (citronellic acid) CAS 502-47-6 | C10H18O2 | It is a monoterpenoid formed during the oxidation of citronellal. It occurs in oil distilled using water vapor from wood and bark of coniferous trees Callitris columellaris, C. glaucophylla, and C. intratropica. It is found in many species of plants (Daphne odora, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. exserta, E. tereticornis, E. oviformis, E. blakelyi, Pelargonium graveolens, P. vitifolium, Daphne papyracea, Corymbia citriodora, Citrus hystrix). It is used as a flavoring for food products. |
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin) CAS 513-86-0 | C4H8O2 | The compound provides butter with a characteristic taste. Producers of hydrogenated oils usually add acetoin into the final product as an artificial buttery flavoring. It is present in apples, yogurt, asparagus, blackcurrants, blackberries, wheat, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, melons, and maple syrup. It is used as a food flavoring in bakeries. Also, it is used in liquids for electronic cigarettes, providing them with a buttery or caramel taste. |
Hexylamine CAS 111-26-2 | C6H15N | It is broadly used as a flavoring. It is added to baked foods, dry breakfast foods, cheeses, spices, fats and oils, fish products, frozen dairy products (ice cream), sauces, meat products, and ready-to-eat snacks. The compound is used for the synthesis of other chemical compounds. It is included in mixtures for vaping and for flavoring tobacco products. This compound is toxic when contacting the skin and mucous membranes and when introduced into the intestine. |
Isovaleric acid CAS 503-74-2 | C5H10O2 | In the food and perfume industries, it is used as a flavoring and fragrance because of its fruity aroma. It is used to prepare sedative medications (including validol, carvacrol, valocordin, and others). |
Glycolic acid CAS 79-14-1 | C2H4O3 | In medicine, it is used to treat acne, aging skin, dark spots on the skin of the face, and to treat scars from acne. Also, this compound can be used in cases of skin stretches. |
Maleic acid CAS 110-16-7 | C4H4O4 | It is used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutic preparations. |
Diethyl malonate CAS 105-53-3 | C7H12 O4 | It is used in perfumery and also for synthesis of other compounds such as barbiturates, synthetic flavorings, and vitamins B1 and B6. |
2-Oxopentanedioic acid (2-ketoglutaric acid, α-ketoglutarate) CAS 328-50-7 | C5H6O5 | This compound is one of the most important metabolites in the Krebs cycle. A high concentration of α-ketoglutarate in an organism is associated with an increase in the life spans of nematodes and mice. It promotes the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T-cells in TH1, inhibiting their differentiation into anti-inflammatory Treg-cells. |
2-Methylbutanoic acid CAS 116-53-0 | C5H10O2 | It is used as a food flavoring, cleaner, and air freshener. It is present in cacao beans and many fruits (apples, apricots), roots of Valeriana officinalis. Raceme-like 2-methylbutanoic acid has a pungent quark smell. (S)-2-methylbutanoic acid has a pleasant sweet fruit aroma, whereas (R)-2-methylbutanoic acid has an unpleasant cheese-like odor of sweat. It is present in the sweat of people and many mammals. |
Allyl acetoacetate CAS 1118-84-9 | C7H10O3 | It is used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs. It is toxic when contacting the skin and when swallowed. |
Tert-butyl carboxylic acid (pivalic acid) CAS 75-98-9 | C5H10O2 | It is used in the production of polyvinyl ethers (vinyl pivalate) and pharmaceutical drugs. Annually, several million kilograms of pivalic acid are produced globally. |
Butyl acrylate CAS 141-32-2 | C7H12O2 | It is used in paints, sealants, coatings, adhesives, fuel, textiles, plastics, and caulk. |
3-Methyl-2-butanone CAS 563-80-4 | C5H10O | Food improvement agents. It is used as a flavoring. It is used in perfumery. It can be used as a solvent. |
Isobutyraldehyde (2-methylpropanal) CAS 78-84-2 | C4H8O | Isobutyraldehyde (2-methylpropanal) is obtained in massive amounts by hydroformylation of propylene. Annually, several million tonnes are produced. Its odor is described as such of wet straw. |
Methyl acetoacetate CAS 105-45-3 | C5H8O3 | It is used for manufacturing paints for houses, as a flavoring, and as a component of aromatic mixtures. |
Ethyl acetoacetate CAS 141-97-9 | C6H10O3 | It is used in the chemical synthesis of various compounds and as a flavoring in the food industry. It is included in cleaners, agents for households (air fresheners), and scented candles. The compound is used for manufacturing pesticides, including insecticides. |
Ethyl pyruvate CAS 617-35-6 | C5H8O3 | It is used as a flavoring in the food industry and perfumery. |
3-Methylbutanal (isovaleraldehyde) CAS 590-86-3 | C5H10O | It is used in the food industry as a flavoring. It is used in the chemical synthesis of pesticides and pharmaceutical preparations. |
Oleic acid CAS 112-80-1 | C18H34O2 | It is used in cosmetology and is included in agents of chemical wave, lipsticks, and agents for skin and hair care. It is used to make soft kinds of soap. |
2-Pentanone CAS 107-87-9 | C5H10O | It is used as a solvent of varnishes and surface coatings, for cleaning and de-fattening surfaces, and as a flavoring in the food industry. |
Cyclopentanol CAS 96-41-3 | C5H10O | It is used as a flavoring in the food industry, as a solvent when making perfume-pharmaceutical preparations, and also for organic synthesis. |
Cyclohexanol CAS 108-93-0 | C6H12O | It is used for manufacturing cleaners and agents for household use. It is also used as a de-fattening agent. It is used as a hygiene agent in the production of goods for children. The compound is also used as a flavoring. |
Cyclooctanone CAS 502-49-8 | C8H14O | It is used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases that are related to an abnormally high level of aldosterone. It is used for the synthesis of 14-membered lactones. |
Phenol (carbolic acid) CAS 108-95-2 | C6H6O | It is used as a precursor for the synthesis of various plastics. This compound is a precursor to some drugs and many pesticides. It is used as an antiseptic. It is a component of industrial solvents for the removal of paint. In cosmetology, it is used as a component of creams, hair dyes, and preparations for skin lightening. |
Pyrocatechin CAS 120-80-9 | C6H6O2 | In photography, the compound is used as a developing agent. It is used in the production of colorings and medicinal compounds. |
Resorcinol CAS 108-46-3 | C6H6O2 | In medicine, it is used as an antiseptic and disinfecting agent. It has keratolytic and fungicidal effects. |
Hydroquinone CAS 123-31-9 | C6H6O2 | It is used as a developing agent in photography, an antioxidant in the chemical industry, and a reagent for the identification of wolfram, gold, and cesium in analytical chemistry. In the food industry, it is used as an antioxidant. It is also used in cosmetology and cosmetic medicine. |
Naphthol-2 CAS 135-19-3 | C10H8O | It is used to obtain sudan, acidic orange (azo dyes). In pharmaceutics, its methyl and ethyl ethers are used to prepare drugs. |
Anisole CAS 100-66-3 | C7H8O | It is used as a food flavoring. |
Diphenyl ether (phenyl ether) CAS 101-84-8 | C12H10O | It is used as a cleaner, agent for household appliances, air freshener, and fragrance. It is a component for preparations to combat microorganisms on solid surfaces or disinfecting goods that are washed. In perfumery, it is used for making soap and soap perfumes. |
ortho-dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) CAS 95-47-6 | C8H10 | It is used to obtain phthalic anhydride and phthalic acid. The compound is used as a solvent for varnishes, paints, and putty. It is a component of some liquids for the removal of oil and fat from solid surfaces. |
Piperonyl alcohol CAS 495-76-1 | C8H8O3 | It is used as a food flavoring. In air, it breaks down under the influence of hydroxyl radicals (half-life period is 7 h). |
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyben-zyl alcohol (vanillyl alcohol) CAS 498-00-0 | C8H10O3 | It is used as a food flavoring. It irritates human skin and eyes. |
Gallic acid-1-hydrate CAS 5995-86-8 | C7H8O6 | It is used for the synthesis of pyrogallic acid, drugs, ink, and colorings. It is used for the detection of free inorganic acid, dihydroxyacetone, and alkaloids. It is used as a developing agent and food preservative to prepare propyl gallate. |
Dibutyl phthalate CAS 84-74-2 | C16H22O4 | It is a broadly used plastifier and is used to prepare many engineering plastics, including polyvinyl chloride. |
3-Furoic acid CAS 488-93-7 | C5H4O3 | Reagent for chemical synthesis. It seriously irritates skin, eyes, and airways. |
Succinic anhydride CAS 108-30-5 | C4H4O3 | The compound is used in the chemical industry, cosmetology, and pharmaceuticals; as an adhesive agent and solidifier for epoxy resin. It is also utilized in paper manufacturing. |
Maleic anhydride CAS 108-31-6 | C4H2O3 | It is used in the production of unsaturated polyester resins, thermoplastic polyurethanes, and elastane fibers, for the synthesis of agricultural pesticides; used in the food industry to manufacture food additives (fumaric, succinic, and malic acids). |
5-Methylfurfural CAS 620-02-0 | C6H6O2 | In the food industry, it is used as a flavoring. It is a component of cleaners and air fresheners. It is also used for the manufacture of aromatic candles. |
2-Methylfuran CAS 534-22-5 | C5H6O | In the food industry, it is used as a flavoring and adjuvant. It seriously irritates the eyes and is dangerous for people if swallowed. |
Furfuryl alcohol CAS 98-00-0 | C5H6O2 | The compound is used as a food additive. It accumulates in biomass wastes as a result of microbiological decomposition (corncobs, press cakes of sugar cane, and others). Furfuryl alcohol is used as fuel in rocket technologies. It is a constituent of glue and agents for glue removal and sealants, agents used for long-scale coating and protection of wooden surfaces, and agents for paint removal. |
Thioacetic acid CAS 507-09-5 | C2H4OS | It is used in organic synthesis and in cosmetology. |
Taurine CAS 107-35-7 | C2H7NO3S | It is used as a food additive or medicinal agent and an ingredient in energy beverages. In medicine, it is used for the treatment of diabetes and other diseases. The compound is broadly used in the sports nutrition industry and is used as a medication and biological additive. In cosmetology, it is used as an anti-aging cosmetic. |
Butan-1-amine CAS 109-73-9 | C4H11N | It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, drugs, rubber additives, emulsifiers, tanning agents, and insecticides; also used as a vulcanizing accelerator for rubber and as a curing agent for polymers. |
6-Aminocaproic acid CAS 60-32-2 | C6H13NO2 | In medicine, this acid was approved by the FDA of the USA for the treatment of severe hemorrhages associated with increased fibrinolytic activity. It is used to stop bleeding. |
Dimethylformamide CAS 68-12-2 | C3H7NO | It is used as a solvent in the production of polyacrylonitrile fiber (nitron) and other polymers and as a solvent of colorings for dying leather, paper, wood, and viscose. |
Glutamic acid CAS 56-86-0 | C5H9NO4 | It is used as a food additive (E620) and in pharmaceutics. As a flavor enhancer in the food industry, there is a broad application of salts of this compound: monosodium glutamate (E621), potassium (E622), ammonium (E624), magnesium (E625), calcium D Glutamate (E623). |
L-Carnitine CAS 541-15-1 | C7H15NO3 | In medicine, and also fitness training and bodybuilding, it is used for the correction of metabolic processes. It has anabolic, antihypoxic, and antithyroid effects, activates fat metabolism, stimulates regeneration, and enhances appetite. |
Ornithine hydrochloride CAS 3184-13-2 | C5H12N2O2 | Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. Ornithine is not an amino acid coded for by DNA, that is, not proteinogenic. However, in mammalian non-hepatic tissues, the main use of the urea cycle is in arginine biosynthesis, so ornithine is quite important as an intermediate in metabolic processes. |
1-Phenylethan-1-amine CAS 618-36-0 | C8H11N | In the food industry, it is used as an emulsifier for synthesis and also as a resolving agent. |
3-Aminobenzoic acid CAS 99-05-8 | C7H8ClNO2 | It is used for the synthesis of azo dyes to provide cellulose fibers with red, yellow, and brown colors. It irritates skin, eyes, and airways. |
2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole CAS 88054-22-2 | C4H5N3O2 | It is an intermediate product in the synthesis reaction of tinidazole—the most important medicinal agent that is effective against amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, acute ulcerative gingivitis, and post-operational anaerobic infections. It is used for treating almost all protozoan infections. |
Compound | Nematode Species | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in Control, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 1.0% Solution, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 0.1% Solution, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 0.01% Solution, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 0.001% Solution, % | LC50, % * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methanol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 8.0 ± 12.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Propan-2-ol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Propylene glycol-1,2 | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 25.2 ± 12.1 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 10.0 ± 5.8 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Octadecanol-1 | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Phytol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 5.0 ± 8.3 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
4-Methyl-2-pentanol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 10.0 ± 12.5 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
2-Ethoxyethanol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 16.4 ± 4.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Butyl glycol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 30.0 ± 10.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Glutaraldehyde | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 65.8 ± 3.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0784 ± 0.0033 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 48.0 ± 9.8 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.1346 ± 0.1691 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 6.9 ± 9.6 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5166 ± 0.0504 | |
1,4-Diethyl-2-methyl-3-oxobutanedioate | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 11.2 ± 11.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4932 ± 0.0638 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 98.1 ± 2.6 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5587 ± 0.0122 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 48.6 ± 17.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 1.9 ± 2.7 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0520 ± 0.0044 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 62.1 ± 15.8 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0825 ± 0.0197 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 72.0 ± 25.9 b | 20.7 ± 21.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.6140 ± 0.4256 | |
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 72.8 ± 4.3 b | 56.7 ± 12.8 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0894 ± 0.0189 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 18.9 ± 5.6 b | 7.2 ± 2.3 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Hexylamine | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 72.5 ± 2.1 c | 26.4 ± 13.2 d | 0.0056 ± 0.0016 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 27.1 ± 2.9 c | 20.0 ± 16.3 c | 0.0383 ± 0.0025 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 20.0 ± 11.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4375 ± 0.0841 | |
Isovaleric acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 12.2 ± 3.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0487 ± 0.0022 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 85.6 ± 8.5 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0626 ± 0.0053 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 2.0 ± 2.8 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5408 ± 0.0131 | |
Glycolic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 4.5 ± 3.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0529 ± 0.0018 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 67.6 ± 8.4 c | 0.9 ± 1.9 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0763 ± 0.0091 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 11.7 ± 16.2 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Maleic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Diethyl malonate | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 20.4 ± 5.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0435 ± 0.0037 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 17.9 ± 4.4 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0452 ± 0.0029 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 47.3 ± 18.3 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0146 ± 0.0337 | |
2-Oxopentanedioic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 44.3 ± 11.7 c | 0.0019 ± 0.0018 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 96.7 ± 7.5 b | 27.7 ± 8.8 c | 0.0039 ± 0.0011 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 36.7 ± 21.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0289 ± 0.0276 | |
2-Methylbutanoic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 43.6 ± 9.7 c | 0.0020 ± 0.0014 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 81.3 ± 18.0 c | 76.7 ± 13.7 c | 26.4 ± 11.9 d | 0.0052 ± 0.0023 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 40.0 ± 22.4 b | 4.0 ± 8.9 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Allyl acetoacetate | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 68.6 ± 7.3 c | 7.6 ± 7.0 d | 0.0073 ± 0.0011 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 39.8 ± 3.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.2525 ± 0.0373 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 77.6 ± 14.4 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.6799 ± 0.1114 | |
Tert butyl carboxylic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 77.5 ± 6.5 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0681 ± 0.0049 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 5.4 ± 7.4 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5243 ± 0.0374 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 83.3 ± 23.6 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.6402 ± 0.1664 | |
Butyl acrylate | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 48.8 ± 4.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0121 ± 0.0081 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 29.7 ± 5.8 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0360 ± 0.0053 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 68.0 ± 31.8 b | 37.1 ± 16.0 bc | 20.0 ± 18.3 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4757 ± 0.8911 | |
3-Methyl-2-butanone | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 97.9 ± 1.9 b | 28.4 ± 1.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.3797 ± 0.0184 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 51.5 ± 7.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.9738 ± 0.1210 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Isobutyraldehyde | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 4.8 ± 1.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0527 ± 0.0008 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 75.5 ± 11.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0696 ± 0.0089 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 76.3 ± 15.3 b | 4.0 ± 8.9 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.6726 ± 0.1628 | |
Methyl acetoacetate | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 91.4 ± 5.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0592 ± 0.0031 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 16.7 ± 4.4 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4598 ± 0.0286 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 25.0 ± 14.4 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Ethyl acetoacetate | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 73.0 ± 9.6 c | 15.4 ± 10.4 d | 0.0064 ± 0.0016 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 32.3 ± 10.9 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.3353 ± 0.1099 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 9.0 ± 12.4 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5055 ± 0.0687 | |
Ethyl pyruvate | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 44.2 ± 9.0 c | 26.4 ± 4.0 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.1935 ± 0.1335 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 93.3 ± 14.9 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5823 ± 0.0790 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 92.7 ± 10.1 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5854 ± 0.0535 | |
3-Methylbutanal (Isovaleraldehyde) | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 61.6 ± 5.7 c | 26.3 ± 3.9 d | 0.0070 ± 0.0013 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 66.7 ± 8.2 c | 15.2 ± 10.2 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0708 ± 0.0155 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 49.3 ± 5.7 b | 33.1 ± 6.6 c | 17.9 ± 5.0 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Oleic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 23.5 ± 12.5 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
2-Pentanone | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 33.3 ± 15.5 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
Compound | Nematode Species | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in Control, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 1.0% Solution, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 0.1% Solution, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 0.01% Solution, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 0.001% Solution, % | LC50, % * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyclopentanol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 16.9 ± 2.3 b | 6.0 ± 2.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 4.2 ± 5.8 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Cyclohexanol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 48.1 ± 12.5 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.1329 ± 0.2217 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 37.7 ± 10.5 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.2777 ± 0.1253 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 20.7 ± 13.1 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4325 ± 0.0964 | |
Cyclooctanone | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 20.7 ± 3.3 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4325 ± 0.0237 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 16.4 ± 4.1 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4617 ± 0.0265 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 47.3 ± 27.1 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Phenol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 41.7 ± 8.9 c | 0.0023 ± 0.0012 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 B | 11.7 ± 16.2 a | 0.0049 ± 0.0010 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 6.7 ± 9.1 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0518 ± 0.0047 | |
Pyrocatechin | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 65.8 ± 4.2 c | 9.4 ± 9.0 a | 0.0075 ± 0.0009 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 10.2 ± 4.3 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0499 ± 0.0024 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Resorcinol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 82.8 ± 1.9 c | 6.9 ± 9.6 a | 0.0061 ± 0.0006 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 24.5 ± 2.9 c | 6.9 ± 6.2 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4040 ± 0.0229 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 6.7 ± 9.1 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Hydroquinone | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 24.0 ± 8.2 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
2-naphthol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 27.7 ± 9.5 c | 0.0038 ± 0.0008 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 3.3 ± 7.5 a | 0.0053 ± 0.0004 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 3.3 ± 7.5 a | 0.0053 ± 0.0004 | |
Anisole | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 4.4 ± 4.8 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5293 ± 0.0237 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 2.0 ± 4.5 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5408 ± 0.0211 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 96.7 ± 7.5 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5654 ± 0.0363 | |
Phenyl ether | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 47.2 ± 9.9 c | 0.0015 ± 0.0017 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 77.3 ± 6.6 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0068 ± 0.0005 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 70.0 ± 24.0 b | 11.7 ± 16.2 a | 9.0 ± 12.4 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.6913 ± 0.3352 | |
Ortho-dimethylbenzene | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 28.0 ± 5.5 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 13.0 ± 7.7 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Piperonyl alcohol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 82.5 ± 7.5 c | 37.6 ± 1.7 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0349 ± 0.0067 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 6.4 ± 5.9 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5192 ± 0.0304 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 28.3 ± 18.3 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 3.3 ± 7.5 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy benzyl alcohol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 17.0 ± 9.7 c | 0.0046 ± 0.0006 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 36.0 ± 6.3 b | 14.2 ± 6.1 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 2.9 ± 6.4 a | 6.7 ± 9.1 a | 3.3 ± 7.5 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Gallic acid-1-hydrate | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 18.2 ± 4.9 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Dibutyl phthalate | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 22.0 ± 10.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
3-Furoic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 11.3 ± 8.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0493 ± 0.0047 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 19.5 ± 6.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0441 ± 0.0043 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 96.7 ± 7.5 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5654 ± 0.0363 | |
Succinic anhydride | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 48.5 ± 21.5 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Maleic anhydrid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 28.2 ± 2.6 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0373 ± 0.0023 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 13.3 ± 18.3 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0481 ± 0.0115 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 63.2 ± 26.9 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.8120 ± 0.3701 | |
5-Methylfurfural | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 87.2 ± 2.8 c | 51.8 ± 5.8 d | 13.6 ± 5.3 e | 0.0096 ± 0.0014 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 71.1 ± 11.5 c | 25.2 ± 10.0 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0586 ± 0.0212 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 10.0 ± 5.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5000 ± 0.0279 | |
2-Methylfuran | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 31.2 ± 5.9 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 16.1 ± 11.3 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 8.3 ± 11.8 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Furfuryl alcohol | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 82.5 ± 4.9 c | 12.9 ± 3.2 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0580 ± 0.0053 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 2.9 ± 6.4 a | 2.5 ± 5.6 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5366 ± 0.0307 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
Compounds | Nematode Species | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in Control, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 1.0% Solution, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 0.1% Solution, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 0.01% Solution, % | Mortality of Nematode Larvae in 0.001% Solution, % | LC50, % * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thioacetic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 45.8 ± 16.9 c | 0.0017 ± 0.0029 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 98.2 ± 2.4 b | 11.7 ± 16.2 c | 0.0050 ± 0.0011 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 41.7 ± 11.8 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0228 ± 0.0163 | |
Taurine | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 5.0 ± 8.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Butan-1-amine | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 82.2 ± 3.5 ca | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0647 ± 0.0023 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 10.6 ± 2.5 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4966 ± 0.0141 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 5.0 ± 8.5 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5263 ± 0.0427 | |
6-Aminocaproic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Dimethylformamide | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 72.1 ± 6.6 b | 9.6 ± 2.9 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.6818 ± 0.0765 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 12.7 ± 3.8 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Glutamic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 5.0 ± 5.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Carnitine | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
Ornithine monohydrochloride | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 10.0 ± 12.5 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
1-Phenylethan-1-amine | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 29.8 ± 2.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0359 ± 0.0020 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 29.1 ± 5.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0365 ± 0.0045 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 21.3 ± 19.7 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4282 ± 0.1527 | |
3-Aminobenzoic acid | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 b | 15.9 ± 5.6 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.4649 ± 0.0358 |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 87.1 ± 7.3 b | 6.2 ± 8.5 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.5873 ± 0.0874 | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 5.0 ± 11.2 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole | L1–2 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
L3 of S. papillosus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – | |
L3 of H. contortus | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | – |
Compounds | LD50 for Rats ***, mg/kg (oral) | LD50 for Mice ***, mg/kg (oral) | LC50 for L1–2 of S. papillosus ****, mg/kg | LC50 for L3 of S. papillosus ****, mg/kg | LC50 for L3 of H. contortus ****, mg/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Phenylethan-1-amine | 940 | 560 | 359 | 365 | 4282 |
2-Methylbutanoic acid | 4100 | 4550 | 20 | 52 | >10,000 |
2-Oxopentanedioic acid | – | – | 19 | 39 | 289 |
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid | 2610 | – | 520 | 825 | 6140 |
3-Furoic acid | – | – | 493 | 441 | 5654 |
5-Methylfurfural | 2200 | – | 96 | 586 | 5000 |
Allyl acetoacetate | – | – | 73 | 2525 | 6799 |
Anisole | 3700 | 2800 | 5293 | 5408 | 5654 |
Butan-1-amine | 366 | – | 647 | 4966 | 5263 |
Butyl acrylate | 900 | – | 121 | 360 | 4757 |
Cyclohexanol | 1400 | – | 1329 | 2777 | 4325 |
Diethyl malonate | 14,900 | 6400 | 435 | 452 | 146 |
Ethyl acetoacetate | 3980 | 5105 | 64 | 3353 | 5055 |
Ethyl pyruvate | – | – | 1935 | 5823 | 5854 |
Glutaraldehyde | 134 | 100 | 784 | 1346 | 5166 |
Hexylamine | 670 | – | 56 | 383 | 4375 |
Isobutyraldehyde | 960 | – | 527 | 696 | 6726 |
Isovaleric acid | 2000 | – | 487 | 626 | 5408 |
Maleic anhydrid | 400 | 465 | 373 | 481 | 8120 |
Methyl acetoacetate | 3228 | – | 592 | 4598 | >10,000 |
Naphthol-2 | 1870 | 275 | 38 | 53 | 53 |
Phenol | 317 | 270 | 23 | 49 | 518 |
Phenyl ether | 2450 | – | 15 | 68 | 6913 |
Piperonyl alcohol | – | – | 349 | 5192 | >10,000 |
Pyrocatechin | 260 | 260 | 75 | 499 | >10,000 |
Resorcinol | 301 | 200 | 61 | 4040 | >10,000 |
Tert butyl carboxylic acid | – | – | 681 | 5243 | 6402 |
Thioacetic acid | – | – | 17 | 50 | 228 |
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Boyko, O.; Brygadyrenko, V. Survival of Nematode Larvae Strongyloides papillosus and Haemonchus contortus under the Influence of Various Groups of Organic Compounds. Diversity 2023, 15, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020254
Boyko O, Brygadyrenko V. Survival of Nematode Larvae Strongyloides papillosus and Haemonchus contortus under the Influence of Various Groups of Organic Compounds. Diversity. 2023; 15(2):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020254
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoyko, Olexandra, and Viktor Brygadyrenko. 2023. "Survival of Nematode Larvae Strongyloides papillosus and Haemonchus contortus under the Influence of Various Groups of Organic Compounds" Diversity 15, no. 2: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020254
APA StyleBoyko, O., & Brygadyrenko, V. (2023). Survival of Nematode Larvae Strongyloides papillosus and Haemonchus contortus under the Influence of Various Groups of Organic Compounds. Diversity, 15(2), 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020254