High Diversity of Medicinal Uses of Thai Legumes (Fabaceae) and Their Potential in Public Herbal Medicine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Medicinal Legume Data
2.2. Data Analysis
2.2.1. Statistical Analysis
2.2.2. The Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
2.2.3. Fidelity Level (%FL)
2.2.4. The Use Value (UV)
3. Results
3.1. The Diversity of Medicinal Legumes
3.2. Medicinal Legumes Parts Used
3.3. Medicinal Legumes Preparations and Routes of Administration
3.4. Medicinal Use Categories for Legumes
3.5. The Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
3.6. Fidelity Level (%FL)
3.7. Use Value (UV)
3.8. The Potential of Medicinal Legumes
4. Discussion
4.1. The Medicinal Legume Species
4.2. Medicinal Legumes Parts Used
4.3. Medicinal Legumes Preparations and Routes of Administration
4.4. Legume Medicinal Use Categories
4.5. The Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
4.6. Fidelity Level (%FL)
4.7. Use Value (UV)
4.8. The Potential of Medicinal Legumes
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Use-Category | Disorders (Number of Use Reports) |
---|---|
Blood, blood forming organs and immune mechanism (206 use reports; 19 disorders) | Disorders: anemia (20), lymph disorder (7), leukemia (3), thalassemia (2), HIV-infection/aids (1), polycythemia (1), splenomegaly (1), thrombosis (1). Symptoms: blood dysfunction (2), lymph congestion (1), lymph glands enlargement (1), lymph node enlargement (1). Treatments: blood nourishment (125), blood purification (32), lymph purification (3), lymph nourishment (2), anticoagulants (1); lymphatic system nourishment (1), lymphatic system purification (1). |
Cardiovascular (235 use reports; 10 disorders) | Disorders: hypertension (58), CAD (coronary artery disease) (1), heart dysfunction (5), heart disease (4). Symptoms: hemorrhoids (77), oedema (28), internal bleeding (1), palpitation (3). Treatments: stimulate blood circulation (41), heart nourishment (17). |
Digestive (1075 use reports; 71 disorders) | Disorders: diarrhea (146), mouth ulcer (67), jaundice (47), food poisoning (27), dysentery (25), peptic ulcer (17), gastritis (15), liver disease (12), IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) (11), hepatitis (7), liver dysfunction (6), GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) (5), mumps (5), bilharzia(4), cirrhosis (4), diarrhea (children) (4), gingivitis (4), angular cheilitis (3), colon cancer (3), food poisoning (children) (3), liver cancer (3), pharyngitis (3), sialaporia (3), cholera (2), hepatomegaly (2), hernia (2), saliva dysfunction (2), stomatitis (2), ulcerative colitis (2), hernia (men) (1), hernia (women) (1), gall stone (1), IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) (1), mouth polyp (1), mouth ulcer (children) (1), periodontitis (1), scurvy (1), stomach stone (1), tongue ulcer (1). Symptoms: constipation (228), abdominal pain (109), flatulence (59), toothache (49), vomiting (19), indigestion (12), tooth decay (4), white tongue (4), bleeding gums (1), blood in stool (1), chapped lips (1), colon dysfunction (1), constipation (children) (1), digestive tract infection (1), drool (children) (1), encopresis (1), heartburn (1), intestinal pain (1), rectal bleeding (1). Treatments: worm infection (71), purgative (18), carminative (16), bile nourishment (7), strengthen teeth (6), emetic (4), colon cleanse (3), liver nourishment (3), hepatoprotective (2), worm infection (children) (1), bile purification (1), gastric nourishment (1), intestinal cleansing (1). |
Ear (2 use reports; 2 disorders) | Disorders: tinnitus (1). Symptoms: ear pain (1). |
Endocrine/metabolic and nutritional (188 use reports; 20 disorders) | Disorders: diabetes (54), malnutrition (23), gout (13), beriberi (12), goiter (7), hyperglycemia (5), hyperlipidemia (4), malnutrition (children) (2), diabetic ulcer (1); dyslipidemia (1), lipid disorder (1), marasmus (1), nutritional disorder (1), SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) (1). Symptoms: weight loss (3). Treatments: appetite stimulant (55), appetite stimulant (children) (1), balance sex hormones (1), body fat reduction (1), cholesterol reduction (1). |
Eye (89 use reports; 12 disorders) | Disorders: conjunctivitis (14), eye disease (12), cataract (3), dust in the eye (3), eye discharge (2), Bitot’s spots (1) ophthalmitis (1). Symptoms: bleary-eyed (18), eye pain (10), eye inflammation (6), swollen eye (1). Treatments: eye tonic (18). |
Female genital (134 use reports; 26 disorders) | Disorders: menstruation fever (14), cervicitis (3), uterus dysfunction (3), breast cancer (1), breast tumor (1), cervical cancer (1), hypermenorrhoea (1), oophoritis (1), prolapsed uterus (1), tubo-ovarian abscess (1). Symptoms: menstrual pain (12), menstruation absent/scant (10), increased breast size (4), menopause (3); menstruation irregular (3), vaginal bleeding (1). Treatments: haemagogue (29), emmenagogue (23), menstrual purification (8), sexual tonic (4), uterus nourishment (3), menstrual cycle adjustment (2), blood nourishment (2), balance female hormones (1), menstrual nourishment (1), vaginal lift (1). |
General and unspecified (1241 use reports; 75 disorders) | Disorders: cancer (41); common cold (31); malaria (26); chickenpox (12); tuberculosis (12); general venereal disease (12); male and female gonorrhea (7); measles (7); ulcer (7); meningococcal disease (6); typhoid (6); foot and mouth disease (2); blackwater fever (1); chlamydia (1); dengue (1); elephantiasis (1); rabies (1); rubella (1); scarlet fever (1); male and female syphilis (1). Symptoms: fever (289); wound (101); bruise (53); flu-like syndrome (15); burns (14); pus wound (14); epistaxis (10); pain (10); chest pain (9); colic (9); hangover (9); inflammation (9); allergy (8); blister (8); fainting (8); chronic wounds (6); fever (children) (5); internal bruise (5); umbilical wound (5); food allergy (4); rotten wound (4); swelling (4); drowsiness (3); feel feverish (3); fatigue (2); follicular pharyngitis (2); hyperhidrosis (2); unconscious (2); bacterial infection (1); breast wound (1); hairy caterpillar allergy (1); herbicide poisoning (1); illness (children) (1); infection (1); infection wound (1); internal pain (1); mushroom poisoning (1); navel wound (children) (1). Treatments: health maintenance (288); antidote (81); balance body heat (19); elixir (17); stop bleeding (10); balance body system (9); stimulate sweating (3); health maintenance (children) (3); antiseptic (2); relaxant (2); anti-aging (1); antibiotic (1); antioxidant (1); anuria to release fever (1); neutralize toxins (1); stimulant medicine (1); sweat induction (1). |
Male genital (9 use reports; 7 disorders) | Disorders: impotence (2); male sexual function problems (2); BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) (1). Symptoms: circumcision wounds (1); orchitis (1). Treatments: balance male hormones (1); prostate nourishment (1). |
Musculoskeletal (619 use reports; 30 disorders) | Disorders: bone fracture (11); plantar fasciitis (6); bone cancer (3); ameloblastoma (2); bone disease (2); neck pain (2); body pain (1); rheumatoid arthritis (1); tendon cancer (1). Symptoms: muscle pain (155); lumbago (119); back pain (102); joint pain (40); knee pain (14); tendon pain (13); tendinitis (12); bone pain (9); leg pain (8); tendon dysfunction (7); sprains (6); foot pain (2); cramp (1); shoulder pain (1); swollen foot (1). Treatments: muscle relaxant (67); tendon relaxant (14) tendon nourishment (11); bone nourishment (3); tendon purification (3); joint nourishment (2). |
Neurological (165 use reports; 20 disorders) | Disorders: paralysis (48); epilepsy (10); paresis (9); herniated nucleus pulposus (3); tetanus (2); loss of taste (1); meningitis (1); migraine (1); slurred speech (1); tongue paralysis (1). Symptoms: headache (34); dizziness (30); convulsion (10); numbness (3); car sickness (1); hand numbness (1); severe headache (1). Treatments: brain nourishment (4); nerve nourishment (3); sedative (1). |
Pregnancy, childbearing, family planning (176 use reports; 20 disorders) | Symptoms: post-partum anxiety (9); post-partum haemagogue (4); pregnancy hemorrhage (2); antepartum bleeding (1); bleeding during pregnancy (1); bloody show (1); morning sickness (1); post-partum dizziness (1); post-partum headache (1). Treatments: post-partum care (127); labor induction (9); lactation stimulant (9); amniotic fluid elimination (2); breast engorgement (2); abortion induction (1); acceleration of lochia discharge (1); birth control (1); post-partum muscle relaxant (1); prevent abortion (1); retention of placenta (1). |
Psychological (82 use reports; 10 disorders) | Disorders: insomnia (44); neurosis (5); chronic alcohol abuse (2); insomnia (children) (2); narcolepsy (children) (1). Symptoms: insanity (5). Treatments: aphrodisiac (general) (17); aphrodisiac (man) (2); aphrodisiac (woman) (2); suicidal drug (2). |
Respiratory (332 use reports; 30 disorders) | Disorders: asthma (27); pneumonia (7); bronchitis (5); lung disease (4); lung abscess (3); nasal polyp (3); haemoptysis (2); influenza (2); pneumoconiosis (2); asthma (children) (1); diphtheria (1); emphysema (1); lung cancer (1); lung dysfunction (1); pneumonitis (1); respiratory disease (1); sinusitis (1). Symptoms: cough (117); phlegm (73); sore throat (29); thirst quenching (24); hiccough (7); thirsty (7); congestion (3); tight chest (2); running nose (1); severe cough (1); whooping cough (1). Treatments: lung nourishment (3); bronchodilators (1). |
Skin (507 use reports; 49 disorders) | Disorders: dermatophytosis (60); skin disease (33); psoriasis (17); dermatosis (15); athlete’s foot (11); herpes simplex (11); leprosy (10); scabies (10); herpes zoster (9); skin cancer (4); urticaria (4); eczema (2); erysipelas (2); foot disease (2); freckles (2); tinea capitis (2); hair dysfunction (1); hyperpigmentation (1); smallpox (1); tinea pedis (1). Symptoms: rash (64); boil (62); pruritus (31); snake bite (26); itching (23); insect bite/sting (18); centipede bites (7); scorpion sting (4); hair loss (3); yaws (3); dry skin (2); poisonous plant irritation (2); rash (children) (2); acne (1); catfish poison (1); contact dermatitis (1); cutaneous larva migraine (1); itchy scalp (1); jellyfish poison (1); scar (1); sea fish poison (1); skin inflammation (1); tick bite (1); venomous animal bite (1). Treatments: anti-dandruff (20); hair nourishment (16); lice killing agent (10); skin nourishment (4); prevent scar (1). |
Urological (327 use reports; 19 disorders) | Disorders: kidney stone (118); diuretic (98); anuria (37); urinary stones (24); kidney disease (14); kidney dysfunction (8); dysuria (3); urinary disease (3); UTI (urinary tract infection) (3); cystitis (2); dialysis (2); hemodialysis (2); diabetes insipidus (1); diuretic (children) (1); glomerulonephritis (1). Symptoms: dark color urine (2); urine turbidity (1). Treatments: kidney nourishment (6); kidney detox (1). |
Categories | Number of Use Reports | Number of Species | ICF |
---|---|---|---|
Digestive system disorders | 1075 | 152 | 0.86 |
General and unspecified disorders | 1245 | 184 | 0.85 |
Musculoskeletal disorders | 619 | 116 | 0.81 |
Skin disorders | 507 | 112 | 0.78 |
Respiratory disorders | 332 | 88 | 0.74 |
Eye disorders | 88 | 25 | 0.72 |
Urological disorders | 327 | 93 | 0.72 |
Cardiovascular disorders | 235 | 73 | 0.69 |
Blood, blood forming organs, and immune mechanism disorders | 206 | 75 | 0.64 |
Pregnancy, childbearing, family planning related disorders | 176 | 65 | 0.63 |
Neurological disorders | 165 | 61 | 0.63 |
Female genital disorders | 131 | 49 | 0.63 |
Endocrine, metabolic and nutritional disorders | 188 | 71 | 0.63 |
Psychological disorders | 82 | 32 | 0.62 |
Male genital disorders | 9 | 8 | 0.13 |
Ear disorders | 2 | 2 | 0.00 |
Disorder, Symptoms and Treatments | Categories and Species | FL (%) |
---|---|---|
Digestive | ||
constipation | Cassia fistula L. | 20.5 |
diarrhea | Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | 6.2 |
abdominal pain | Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | 5.5 |
General and unspecified | ||
fever | Mimosa pudica L. | 5.9 |
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. | ||
health maintenance | Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. | 10.8 |
wound | Tamarindus indica L. | 9.9 |
Musculoskeletal | ||
muscle pain | Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. | 11.6 |
lumbago | Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. | 10.1 |
back pain | Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. | 9.8 |
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Sutjaritjai, N.; Panyadee, P.; Phumthum, M.; Inta, A.; Balslev, H. High Diversity of Medicinal Uses of Thai Legumes (Fabaceae) and Their Potential in Public Herbal Medicine. Diversity 2022, 14, 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080588
Sutjaritjai N, Panyadee P, Phumthum M, Inta A, Balslev H. High Diversity of Medicinal Uses of Thai Legumes (Fabaceae) and Their Potential in Public Herbal Medicine. Diversity. 2022; 14(8):588. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080588
Chicago/Turabian StyleSutjaritjai, Natcha, Prateep Panyadee, Methee Phumthum, Angkhana Inta, and Henrik Balslev. 2022. "High Diversity of Medicinal Uses of Thai Legumes (Fabaceae) and Their Potential in Public Herbal Medicine" Diversity 14, no. 8: 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080588