Traditional Medicinal Plants—A Possible Source of Antibacterial Activity on Respiratory Diseases Induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Ethnobotany
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
- Plant-based antibacterial agents active on Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Plant-based antibacterial agents active on Haemophilus influenzae
- Plant-based antibacterial agents active on Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Plant-based antibacterial agents active on Moraxella catarrhalis
- Retrospective discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
C. pneumoniae | Chlamydia pneumoniae |
H. influenzae | Haemophilus influenzae |
K. pneumoniae | Klebsiella pneumoniae |
M. catarrhalis | Moraxella catarrhalis |
DIZ | diameter of the inhibition zone |
MIC | minimum inhibitory concentration |
MBC | minimum bactericidal concentration |
EO | essential oil |
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Species (Part Used) | Main Active Compounds | Romanian Traditional Indications |
---|---|---|
Allium cepa (bulb) | Organosulfur compounds, flavonoids, and phenolcarboxilic acids [17] | Cough, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, cold, bronchitis [11,12,18] |
Allium sativum (bulb) | Organosulfur compounds, flavonoids, and phenolcarboxilic acids [17] | Cough with sputa and puss, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, cold [11,12,18] |
Hyssopus officinale (aerial part) | Polyphenols, saponins, EO (monoterpenes) [17] | Cough, laryngitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis [11,18] |
Juniperus communis (shoots, berries) | Polyphenols, EO (monoterpenes) [17] | Cold, rhinitis, cough, tuberculosis [11,18] |
Lavandula angustifolia (flowers) | Flavonoids, phenolcarboxilic acids, EO (monoterpenes) [17] | Cough, upper respiratory tract infections [11,18] |
Mentha x piperita (leaves, aerial parts) | Flavonoids, phenolcarboxilic acids, EO (monoterpenes) [17] | Cough, asthma, pulmonary emphysema, laryngitis, tonsillitis [11,18] |
Ocimum basilicum (aerial parts) | Flavonoids, phenolcarboxilic acids, EO (monoterpenes) [17] | Cough, cold, tuberculosis [11,18] |
Origanum vulgare | Flavonoids, phenolcarboxilic acids, EO (monoterpenes) [17] | Asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis [11,18] |
Pynus sylvestris (shoots) | Flavonoids, EO (monoterpenes) [17] | Tuberculosis, asthma [11,18] |
Salvia officinalis (leaves) | Flavonoids, phenolcarboxilic acids, EO (monoterpenes) [17] | Tonsilitis, rhinitis, laryngitis, emphysema [11,12,18] |
Thymus vulgaris (aerial parts) | Flavonoids, EO (monoterpenes) [17] | Cough [11] |
Tilia cordata (flowers) | Mucilages, flavonoids, EO (sesquiterpenes) [19] | Cough, cold, emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia [11,18] |
Verbascum phlomoides (flowers) | Mucilages, flavonoids, iridoids [19] | Emphysema, asthma, tuberculosis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, cough, rhinitis [11,18] |
Bacterial Strain | Herbal Material/Source | Testing Sample | MIC/DIZ/Inhibition % | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | ||||
CWL-029 | Mentha arvenisisR (aerial parts)/Finland | ME | 90% at 256 μg/mL | [32] |
K7 (clinical isolate) | Schisandra chinensis (fruits)/Estonia | ME | <100 μg/mL | [33] |
America | ||||
AR39 | Hydrocotyle bonariensis (aerial parts), Lithraea molleoides (leaves), Hybanthus parviflorus (aerial parts)/Argentina | AqE, DcmE, ME Ethanol/water (1:1) extracts | 50–90% DcmE of Hydrocotyle bonariensis (aerial parts) is the most active | [34] |
Others | ||||
K7 (clinical isolate) | 27 peppermint R teas /unspecified origin | AqE | 20.7–69.5% at 250 μg/mL | [35] |
CWL-029 | Unspecified | 32 betulinic derivatives | Betulin: 53% at 1 μM Betulin-28-oxime: 100% at 1 μM Betulin-3,28-dioxime: 100% at 1 μM and 50% at 290 nM | [36] |
Bacterial Strain | Herbal Material/SOURCE | Testing Sample | MIC/DIZ/Inhibition % | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | ||||
PCM2340 | Rubus idaeusR “Willamette”cultivar (shoots)/Poland | ME | >120 mg/mL (resistant) | [37] |
ATCC 49247, Amp-R1, AMP-R2 | Betula aetnensis (leaves)/Greece | ME | 900 μg/mL (for ATCC 49247, Amp-R1), 1800 μg/mL (for Amp-R2) | [38] |
Africa | ||||
clinical isolate | Tilia cordataR (bracts and flowers)/Lebanon | AqE *, ME * | 20–22 mm (flowers AqE), 0 mm (bracts AqE, AlEs) | [39] |
ATCC 35056 | Medicago sativaR (root)/Iran | ME | 125 mg/mL | [40] |
clinical isolates (7 strains) | Eucalyptus globulus (leaves)/Iran | ME * | MIC50 = 16 mg/L, MIC90 = 32 mg/L | [41] |
clinical isolates | Ammi majus (seeds)/Oman | ME HF, CF, EaF, BF, AqF | 0 mm (ME) 6–9 mm (fractions) | [42] |
clinical isolates (12 strains) | Trichilia emetica (root)/Mali | AqE DeeF | >500 μg/mL (AqE) 125 μg/mL (DeeF) | [43] |
clinical isolates (11 strains) | 8 species of the genus Eucalyptus (leaves)/Tunisia | EO | 8.1 ± 2.2 mm–19.2 ± 9.6 mm | [44] |
America | ||||
ATCC 49247, 90-CCH-02 | Ceanothus coereleus (roots), Chrysactinia mexicana (flowers, roots), Cordia boissieri (leaves), Phyla nodiflora (leaves), Schinus mole (bark, fructs, roots)/Mexico | AqE, HE, DeeE, ME | ≥500 μg/mL (all) | [45] |
Others | ||||
unspecified | Echinacea. AngustifoliaR (root), E. purpurea R (root+aerial parts), E. purpurea R (root)/unspecified origin | Liquid AlE (48% alcohol, 40% alcohol) *; Dry AlE (0% alcohol) | AlE (40% alcohol) > AlE (48% alcohol) AlE (0% alcohol)—inactive | [46] |
DSM 9143 | Unspecified | EO of Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus vulgaris R, Pinus sylvestris R, Mentha × piperita R, Cymbopogon nardus | By broth microdilution test: 0.25 mg/mL (Syzygium aromaticum), 0,06 mg/mL (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), 1.41 mg/mL (Eucalyptus globulus), 0.11 mg/mL (Thymus vulgaris) 1.35 mg/mL (Pinus sylvestris) 0.41 mg/mL (Mentha × piperita), 125 mg/mL (Cymbopogon nardus) By vapor phase test 250 μL/L (Syzygium aromaticum), 75 μL/L (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), >1500 μL/L (Eucalyptus globulus), 125 μL/L (Thymus vulgaris) >1500 μL/L (Pinus sylvestris) 250 μL/L (Mentha × piperita), 125 μL/L (Cymbopogon nardus) | [28] |
Bacterial Strain | Herbal Material/Source | Testing Sample | MIC Value/DIZ/Inhibition % | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | ||||
ATCC 700603 | 14 species of Rumex genus R (different parts)/Carpathian Basin (Hungary and Romania). | ME HE, CF, AqF | 10–15 mm (R. acetosa, R. alpinus, R. crispus, R. aquaticys–root CF), <10 mm (others) | [29] |
clinical isolates | 8 aromatic plants: Hyssopus officinalis R, Achillea grandifolia, Achillea crithmifolia R, Tanacetum partheniu R, Laserpitium latifolium, Angelica sylvestris, Angelica pancicii, Artemisia absinthium R (aerial parts)/Sebia. | ME * | 5.0 mg/mL (Hyssopus officinalis), 25.0 mg/mL (Achillea grandifolia) 2.5 mg/mL (Achillea crithmifolia) 25 mg/mL (Tanacetum partheniu) 25 mg/mL (Laserpitium latifoliu) 50 mg/mL (Angelica sylvestris) 50 mg/mL (Angelica pancici) 50 mg/mL (Artemisia absinthium) MBC > 100 mg/mL(all) | [47] |
unspecified | 65 species from Italy flora (including Origanum vulgare R) | AlE | <4.0 μg/mL (Origanum vulgare) Others-inactive | [48] |
clinical isolates | Rubus idaeusR “Willamette” cultivar (shoots)/Poland | ME | 60 mg/mL | [37] |
ATCC 13882 | Thymus vulgarisR (aerial parts)/Romania | EO | 30–34 mm | [49] |
clinical isolates (16 strains) | Origanum vulgare subsp. Hirtum R, Salvia officinalis R, Thymus vulgaris R (aerial parts)-irrigated and non-irrigated plants/Greece | EO | irrigated//non-irrigated plants: 73 mg/L//103 mg/L (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum) 240 mg/L//207.4 mg/L (Salvia officinalis) 9.5 mg/L//11.3 mg/L (Thymus vulgaris) | [50] |
Africa | ||||
unspecified | Medicago sativaR. (seeds)/Egypt | ME * | 10 → 20 mm, depending on origin | [51] |
clinical isolate | Momordica charantia (leaves and fruits)/Tanzania | ME, PeE | 12–13 mm (leaves PeE), 18 mm (fruits ME), <10 mm (others) | [52] |
clinical isolate | Cnestis ferruginea (leaf)/Nigeria | AqE *, AlE *, ME * | 150 mg/mL (AqE) 20 mg/mL (AlE) 350 mg/mL (ME) | [53] |
ATCC 13883 | Warburgia salutaris (bark, leaves)/South Africa | ME *, DcmE * | 1.0 mg/mL (bark MEs and DcmEs) 0.66 mg/mL (leaves EO) 0.50–0.83 mg/mL (bark EOs) 0.312 mg/mL (E-nerolidol) 0.13–0.208 mg/mL (other compounds) | [54] |
ampicillin-resistant strain (unspecified) | Curtisia dentata (stem bark, leaves)/South Africa | ME | 156.25 μg/mL (stem bark) 312.5 μg/mL (leaves) | [55] |
ATCC 13883 | Xylopia aethiopica, Eriosema glomeratum, other 16 plants (leaves)/Cameroon | Methanol-dichloromethane (1:1) extracts | 250 μg/mL (Xylopia aethiopica) 500 μg/mL (Eriosema glomeratum) 1000–> 8000 μg/mL (Others) | [56] |
ATCC 13883 | Alchornea cordifolia (stems and leaves)/Cameroon | AlE, CE, EaE, ME | ≤125 μg/mL (all extracts) 16 μg/mL (Methylgallate) | [27] |
ATCC 13883 | Alchornea floribunda (stems and leaves)/Cameroon | AlE, CE, EaE, ME | ≤125 μg/mL (all extracts) | [57] |
clinical isolate | Ocimum sanctum (leaves), Eugenia caryophyllata (flowers), Achyranthes bidentata (stem, leaves), Azadirachta indica (stem and bark)/Nepal | AlE * | All: <6 mm | [58] |
clinical isolate | Tilia cordataR (bracts and flowers)/Lebanon | AqE *, ME * | 0 mm (AqEs, MEs) | [39] |
ATCC 700603 | Carum copticum (unspecified part)/Iran | AlE, ME | 12 mm (AlE), 20 mm (ME) 25 mg/mL (AlE, ME) | [59] |
clinical isolates | Tribulus terrestrisR (fruits, leaves, roots)/Iraq | AqE, AlE, CE | 0.31 mg/mL (leaves AlE) >5 mg/mL (roots AqE) 1.25. or 2.5 mg/mL (others) | [60] |
ATCC 13883 | Punica granatum (leaves, flowers)/South Africa | AqE | 9–14 mm (leaves), 8–14 mm (flowers), depending on the concentration (50–5000 μL/mL) | [61] |
ATCC 10031 | Eucalyptus largiflorens, E. intertexta (leaves)/Iran | ME CF, AqF EO | 10 mm (AqF), 15–20 mm (EO), 20 mm (1,8-cineol) 125 mg/mL (ME), 7.8–125 mg/mL (EO), 500 mg/mL (1,8-cineol) | [62] |
clinical isolate | Origanum syriacum, Thymus syriacus, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Laurus nobilis, Juniperus foetidissima, Allium sativumR, Myristica fragrans (leaves, bulbs, barks, aerial parts, rhizome, flowers, seeds, fruits)/Syria | AlE EO | MIC50//MIC90 6.25 μL/mL//no effect (Origanum syriacum) 6.25 μL/mL//no effect (Thymus syriacus) 1.5 μL/mL//25 μL/mL (Syzygium aromaticum) 3.125 μL/mL//no effect (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) 6.25 μL/mL//12.5 μL/mL (Laurus nobilis) 12.5 μL/mL//25 μL/mL (Juniperus foetidissima) 6.25 μL/mL//50 μL/mL (Allium sativum) 6.25 μL/mL//no effect (Myristica fragrans) | [63] |
unspecified | Ocimum basilicumR (aerial parts)/Oman | EO | resistant | [64] |
unspecified | Thymus capitatus (aerial parts)/Libya | EO | 4.0–5.0 mm | [65] |
unspecified | Salvia lachnocalyx, S. mirzayanii and S. sahendica (aerial parts)/Iran | EO | 10 mm | [66] |
NCTC 9633 | Artemisia afra (leaves and stems), Agathosma betulina (leaves), Eucalyptus globulus (leaves), Osmitopsis asteriscoides (leaves)/South Africa | EO | 9.3 mg/mL (Artemisia afra—leaves and stem) 16 mg/mL (Agathosma betulina-leaves), 8.0 mg/mL (Eucalyptus globulus-leaves), 8.0 mg/mL (Osmitopsis asteriscoides-leaves) | [67] |
clinical isolates (13 strains) | 8 species of the genus Eucalyptus (leaves)/Tunisia | EO | 6.6–10.8 mm, depending on origin | [44] |
ATCC 13883 | Leptospermum petersonii, L. scoparium, Kunzea ericoides (aerial parts)/South Africa | EO | 8.0 mg/mL (all EOs) | [68] |
Asia | ||||
ATCC 4352 | Anethum graveolensR (aerial parts, leaves, seeds)/Turkey | Aerial parts EO Seed EO | 3.13%–12.5% (aerial parts EO), 0.8–12.5% (seed EO) | [69] |
ATCC 4352 | Verbascum xanthophoeniceum, V. densiflorumR, V. lagurus V. gnaphalodes, V. phlomoidesR (aerial parts)/Turkey | ME * CF *, EaF *, PeF *, TF*, AqF * | 312.5 μg/mL (V. lagurus EaF) >1250 μg/mL (others) | [70] |
unspecified | 5 medicinal plants: Boerhaavia diffusa, Cassiaauriculata, Cassia lantana, Eclipta alba, Tinospora cardiofolia (leaves)/India | AqE ME | Boerhaavia diffusa: 10 mm (AqE, ME), Cassia auriculata, Cassia Lantana: 0 mm (AqE, ME), Eclipta alba: 9 mm (AqE), 16 mm (AlE),Tinospora cardiofolia: 8 mm (AqE), 13 mm (AlE) | [71] |
unspecified | 6 folk medicinal plants in India: Eugenia jambolana (kernel), Cassia auriculata (flowers) Murraya koenigii (leaves), Salvadora persica (stem) and Ipomoea batatas (leaves) and Andrographis paniculata (leaves)/India. | ME | Andrographis paniculate: 8 mm (at 2 mg/mL)–12 mm (at 4 mg/mL) Eugenia jambolana: 7 mm (at 2 mg/mL)–12 mm (at 4 mg/mL) Cassia auriculata: 9 mm (at 2 mg/mL)-12 mm (at 4 mg/mL) Other species and its extracts: <6 mm | [30] |
ATCC 10273 | Acacia melifera (whole plant)/India | HE *, EaE *, ME *, AlE * | 18 mm (ME), 0 mm (other extracts) | [72] |
ATCC 4030 | Alysicarpus vaginalis (root)/India | AqE, CE, ME, PeE | 10 mm (AqE, PeE), 11 mm (CE), 12 mm (ME) 6.25 mg/mL (ME) | [73] |
NCIM2719 | 23 species belonging to 21 different families (leaves, stem)/India | AcE, ME | 8–21 mm | [74] |
unspecified | Pogostemon benghalensis (leaves)/India | AqE, ME | 0 mm (AqE–cold water), 8–12 mm (AqE-hot water), <8 mm (ME-cold methanol), >12 mm (ME-hot methanol) | [75] |
clinical isolates | 26 ayurvedic plants (different parts)/Bangladesh | Extracts (unclear specified) | 8–21 mm, depending on species and bacterial isolates: 10–17 mm (Allium sativum-bulb), 9–13 mm (Allium cepa-bulb), 8–10 mm (Nigella sativa-seeds), 9–21 mm (Citrus limonum–fruits) s.a. | [76] |
clinical isolates | Coriandrum sativumR (seeds), Brassica alba R (seeds), Mentha arvensis R (leaves), Ocimum basilicum R (leaves), Terminalia bellirica (fruits), Illicium verum (fruits), Hyptis suaveolens (seeds), Vetiveria zizanioides (roots), Myristica fragrans (fruits), Sesamum indicum (seeds), Piper nigrum (fruits), Curcuma longa (rhizome)/Bangladesh | AlE, EaE, HE | 187.5 μg/mL (Coriandrum sativum seeds AlE) 375 μg/mL (Brassica alba seeds EaE and HE) 750 μg/mL (Mentha arvensis leaves AlE) 750 μg/mL (Ocimum basilicum leaves HE) 187.5 μg/mL (Terminalia bellirica fruits EaE), 93.7 μg/mL (Terminalia bellirica fruits AlE) 375 μg/mL (Illicium verum fruits EaE and HE), 1500 μg/mL (Illicium verum fruits EaE) 375 μg/mL (Hyptis suaveolens seeds HE) >1500 μg/mL (Vetiveria zizanioides roots HE) 375 μg/mL (Myristica fragrans fruits HE), 1500 μg/mL (Myristica fragrans fruits AlE and EaE) 375 μg/mL (Sesamum indicum seeds HE) 375 μg/mL (Piper nigrum fruits HE and EaE) 375 μg/mL (Curcuma longa rhizomes HE) | [77] |
ATTC 13883 | 6 non-indigenous medicinal plants naturalized in Malaysia: Ailanthus triphysa, Clinacanthus nutans, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Gynura bicolor, Turnera subulata (leaves), Asystasia gangetica (aerial parts) | AlE, AqE, CE, EaE, HE, ME | AqEs–inactive 2.5 mg/mL (Ailanthus triphysa leaves AlE and ME), 2.5 mg/mL (Clinacanthus nutans leaves AlE); Clinacanthus nutans leaves ME-inactive, 1.25 mg/mL (Gynostemma pentaphyllum AlE); Gynostemma pentaphyllum ME-inactive, 1.25 mg/mL (Gynura bicolor AlE); Gynura bicolor ME-inactive, 2.5 mg/mL (Turnera subulata leaves AlE and ME) 1.25 mg/mL (Asystasia gangetica aerial parts AlE), 0.63 mg/mL (Asystasia gangetica aerial parts ME) | [78] |
MTCC-432 | Ocimum basilicumR (leaves)/India | EO | 15 μg/mL | [79] |
NCIM 2957 | Ocimum basilicumR (flowering aerial parts)/India | EO | MBC = 1.875 mg/mL | [80] |
ATCC 15380 | Unspecified | EOs/India (market) | 3.2 mg/mL (Cinnamom EO) >6.4 mg/mL (Clove EO) 12.8 mg/mL (Geranium EO, Orange EO) >12.8 mg/mL (Lemon EO, Rosemary EO) | [31] |
America | ||||
unspecified | Ocimum basilicumR (leaves, stems and flowers)/Brazil | EO | 12.2 mm 0.75 mg/mL | [81] |
Others | ||||
ATCC 13883 | Coriandrum sativumR (seeds)/unspecified origin | EO | 0.2% | [82] |
ATCC 700603 | Unspecified | EOs | 5 mg/mL (Peppermint R EO) 20 mg/mL (Eucalyptus EO) 10 mg/mL (Cajuput EO, Wintergreen EO) 40 mg/mL (Juniper R Berry EO) | [83] |
unspecified | Allium sativumR (bulbs)/(unclear specified) | AqE, CE, EaE, HE, ME | 12 mm (ME), 17 mm (AqE), <10 mm (others) 150 μg/mL (ME), 100 μg/mL (AqE) | [84] |
ATCC 700603 | Unspecified | Curcumin | 216 μg/mL | [85] |
Bacterial Strain | Herbal Material/Source | Testing Sample | MIC value/DIZ/inhibition % | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Europa | ||||
ATCC 25238 | Betula aetnensis (leaves)/Greece | ME | 220 μg/mL | [38] |
ATCC 43617 | 14 species of Rumex genus R (different parts)/Carpathian Basin (Hungary and Romania). | ME AqF, CF, HF | R. aquaticusR (roots, aerial parts), R. crispus R (aerial parts), R. patienta R (flowers), R. stenophyllus R (flowers), R. thypsiflorusR (roots): >10 mm (AqF), others: <10 mm | [29] |
ATCC 43617 | 4 bryophyte species (Amblistegium serpens, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, Rhytidium rugosum, Schistidium crassipilum)/Hungary | AqE, ME CF, HF | 9.0 mm (Amblistegium serpens CF) 10.0 mm (Plagiomnium cuspidatum HF) 7.5 mm (Rhytidium rugosum CF) 7.7 mm (Schistidium crassipilum CF) | [86] |
ATCC 25238 | Thymus capitatus (leaves)/Italy | ME HF, MF | 62.5 μg/mL (MF) >1000 μg/mL (others) | [87] |
ATCC 25238 | Helleborus bocconei subsp. siculus (root)/Italy | ME | 0.4 mg/mL | [88] |
PCM 2340 | Rubus idaeusR (3 cultivars), Rubus occidentalis (1 cultivar) (fruits)/Poland | AlE | 2–8 mg/mL (extracts) 0.015 mg/mL (elagic acid) | [89] |
PCM2340 | Rubus idaeusR “Willamette” cultivar (shoots)/Poland | ME | 0.5 mg/mL | [37] |
Africa | ||||
ATCC 23246 | Warburgia salutaris (bark)/South Africa | DcmE *, ME * EO | 0.42 mg/mL (DcmE), 2.0. mg/mL (ME) 0.5–1.0 mg/mL (EO) 0.031 mg/mL (E-nerolidol) | [54] |
ATCC 25240 | Punica granatum (leaves, flowers)/South Africa | AqE * | 8.9–14 mm (leaves), 12.0–15.33 mm (flowers); depending to the concentration (50–5000 μL/mL) | [61] |
ATCC25240 | Medicago sativaR (root)/Iran | ME | 16 mm 125 mg/mL | [40] |
ATCC 23246 | Artemisia afra (leaves and stems), Agathosma betulina (leaves), Eucalyptus globulus (leaves), Osmitopsis asteriscoides (leaves)/South Africa | EO | 8 mg/mL (all) | [67] |
ATCC 23246 | Leptospermum petersonii, L. scoparium, Kunzea ericoides (aerial parts)/South Africa | EO | 4 mg/mL (Leptospermum petersonii), 2 mg/mL (L. scoparium), 8 mg/mL (Kunzea ericoides) | [68] |
ATCC 23246 | Citrus limon (leaves), Eucalyptus grandis (leaves), Helichrysum kraussii (leaves and stem), Lippia javanica (leaves), Tetradenia riparia (leaves)/South Africa | EO | 13.33 mg/mL (Citrus limon-leaves), 4.0 mg/mL (Eucalyptus grandis-leaves), 5.33 mg/mL (Helichrysum kraussii-leaves and stem), 5.33 mg/mL (Lippia javanica-leaves), 5.33 mg/mL (Tetradenia riparia-leaves) | [90] |
ATCC 14468 | 18 species Alchornea floribunda (leaves) Musanga cecropioides (leaves and stem bark) Tetracera potatoria, Xylopia aethiopica (stem barks)/South Africa | Methanol—dichloromethane (1:1) extracts | 65 μg/mL (Alchornea floribunda-leaves), 130 μg/mL (Musanga cecropioides-leaves and stem bark) 250 μg/mL (Tetracera potatoria–stem bark), 250 μg/mL (Xylopia aethiopica-stem bark) >1000 μg/mL (others) | [56] |
clinical isolates | Trichilia emetica (root)/Mali | AqE EeF | >500 μg/mL (AqE), 7.8–31.2 μg/mL (EeF) | [43] |
clinical isolates | Allium sativumR (bulbs), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark), Syzygium aromaticum (buds), Persea americana (leaves), Rosmarinus officinalis (leaves), Argemone mexicana (leaves)/Ethiopia | AlE *, AqE *, ME * | 15.0 mm (Allium sativum AqE), 11.0 mm (Cinnamomum zeylanicum AlE), 11.0 mm (Persea americana ME), no inhibition (others). 30 mg/mL (Allium sativum AqE), 20 mg/mL (Cinnamomum zeylanicum AlE), 30 mg/mL (Persea americana ME), no inhibition (others) | [91] |
unspecified | Curtisia dentata (leaves)/South Africa | AcE, AlE, CE, EaE | 6.25 mg/mL (AlE), 1.57 mg/mL (CE), 3.13 mg/mL (AcE and EaE) 0.3 mg/mL (betulinic acid) 1.25 mg/mL (ursolic acid) 3.13 mg/mL (lupeol) 1.25 mg/mL (β-sitosterol) | [92] |
ATCC 23246, | Alchornea cordifolia (roots, stems and leaves)/Cameroon | AqE, AlE, CE, HE, ME | 125 μg/mL (AlEs and MEs) >1000 μg/mL(others) | [27] |
ATCC 23246 | Alchornea floribunda (roots, stems and leaves)/Cameroon | AqE, AlE, CE, HE, ME | 250 μg/mL (roots AlEs and MEs) 500 μg/mL (leaves AlEs and MEs) 1000 μg/mL (stems AlEs and MEs) | [57] |
Others | ||||
DSM 9143 | Unspecified | EOs of Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus vulgaris R, Pinus sylvestris R, Mentha × piperita R, Cymbopogon nardus | By broth microdilution 0.25 mg/mL (Syzygium aromaticum) 0.10 mg/mL (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) 2.81 mg/mL (Eucalyptus globulus), 0.09 mg/mL (Thymus vulgaris) 1.34 mg/mL (Pinus sylvestris) 0.35 mg/mL (Mentha × piperita) 0.11 mg/mL (Cymbopogon nardus) By vapor phase test 125 μL/L (Syzygium aromaticum) 25 μL/L (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) 225 μL/L (Eucalyptus globulus) 50 μL/L (Thymus vulgaris) >1500 μL/L (Pinus sylvestris) 31.25 μL/L (Mentha × piperita) 25 μL/L (Cymbopogon nardus) | [28] |
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Duțu, L.E.; Popescu, M.L.; Purdel, C.N.; Ilie, E.I.; Luță, E.-A.; Costea, L.; Gîrd, C.E. Traditional Medicinal Plants—A Possible Source of Antibacterial Activity on Respiratory Diseases Induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Diversity 2022, 14, 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020145
Duțu LE, Popescu ML, Purdel CN, Ilie EI, Luță E-A, Costea L, Gîrd CE. Traditional Medicinal Plants—A Possible Source of Antibacterial Activity on Respiratory Diseases Induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Diversity. 2022; 14(2):145. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020145
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuțu, Ligia Elena, Maria Lidia Popescu, Carmen Nicoleta Purdel, Elena Iuliana Ilie, Emanuela-Alice Luță, Liliana Costea, and Cerasela Elena Gîrd. 2022. "Traditional Medicinal Plants—A Possible Source of Antibacterial Activity on Respiratory Diseases Induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis" Diversity 14, no. 2: 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020145