Opportunistic or Non-Random Wildlife Crime? Attractiveness Rather Than Abundance in the Wild Leads to Selective Parrot Poaching
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Wild Parrot Surveys
2.3. Poached Parrot Surveys
2.4. Parrot Attractiveness
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Parrot Poaching Is Not an Opportunistic, but a Selective Wildlife Crime
4.2. Conservation Implications of Selective Parrot Poaching
4.3. Ecological Implications of Selective Parrot Poaching
4.4. Suggested Conservation Actions
4.5. Further Prospects for Assessing Selective Harvesting
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Detections | Total Count | Density (ind/km2) | w (m) | Relative Abundance (ind/km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amazona amazonica | 24 | 93 | 0.2881 | 200 | 0.0422 |
Amazona autumnalis | 10 | 46 | 0.0307 | 307 | 0.0209 |
Amazona ochrocephala | 43 | 106 | 0.2214 | 348 | 0.0481 |
Ara ararauna | 16 | 60 | 0.0570 | 757 | 0.0272 |
Ara severus | 15 | 30 | 0.0395 | 365 | 0.0136 |
Brotogeris jugularis | 260 | 1678 | 3.9032 | 420 | 0.7620 |
Eupsittula pertinax | 168 | 1669 | 2.7928 | 235 | 0.7579 |
Forpus passerinus | 10 | 15 | 0.1546 | 45 | 0.0068 |
Pionus chalcopterus | 14 | 115 | 0.0621 | 650 | 0.0522 |
Pionus menstruus | 76 | 356 | 0.8029 | 397 | 0.1617 |
Psittacara wagleri | 19 | 322 | 0.9090 | 270 | 0.1462 |
Species | Size | Body | Head | Color | Speech | Price | N Wild | N Pet | W | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amazona amazonica (Aam) | 31 | 0.2 | 1 | 3 | 1.5 (1–2) | 34.85 (-) | 93 | 12 | 1.17 | |
Amazona autumnalis (Aau) | 34 | 0.2 | 1 | 3 | 1.5 (1–2) | 61 | 25 | 3.73 | * | |
Amazona farinosa (Afa) | 38 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1 | 1.9 (1–2) | 38.72 (13.4) | 20 | 18 | 8.18 | * |
Amazona mercenarius (Ame) | 34 | 0.2 | 0 | 1 | 1.0 (1–1) | 93 | 0 | 0.00 | * | |
Amazona ochrocephala (Aoc) | 31 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2 | 2.0 (1–2) | 34.41 (16.0) | 136 | 359 | 24.00 | * |
Ara ambiguus (Aab) | 85 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 3 | 1.5 (1–2) | 0 | 3 | 27.28 | * | |
Ara ararauna (Aar) | 85 | 2 | 1.8 | 3 | 0.9 (0–2) | 43.57 (20.5) | 80 | 76 | 8.64 | * |
Ara chloropterus (Ach) | 90 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1.5 (1–2) | 0 | 14 | 127.28 | * | |
Ara macao (Ama) | 85 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2.0 (2–2) | 145.22 (0.00) | 4 | 74 | 168.20 | * |
Ara militaris (Ami) | 75 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 3 | 1.5 (0–2) | 10 | 7 | 6.36 | * | |
Ara severus (Ase) | 46 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1.0 (1–1) | 54 | 5 | 0.84 | ||
Bolborhynchus lineola (Blin) | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 (0–0) | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Brotogeris jugularis (Bju) | 18 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 (0–2) | 6.53 (1.45) | 6230 | 344 | 0.50 | * |
Eupsittula pertinax (Epe) | 25 | 0.1 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 (0–2) | 5.68 (3.67) | 2445 | 189 | 0.70 | * |
Forpus conspicillatus (Fco) | 12 | 0.1 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 (0–0) | 83 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Forpus passerinus (Fpa) | 12 | 0.1 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 (0–0) | 5.81 (0.00) | 35 | 6 | 1.56 | |
Forpus spengeli (Fsp) | 12 | 0.1 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 (0–0) | 80 | 9 | 1.02 | ||
Hapalopsittaca fuertesi (Hfu) | 23 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 3 | 0.0 (0–0) | 1 | 0 | - | ||
Ognorhynchus icterotis (Oic) | 42 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.5 (0–1) | 85 | 2 | 0.21 | ||
Pionus chalcopterus (Pch) | 29 | 0.2 | 0 | 2 | 0.0 (0–0) | 134 | 3 | 0.21 | ||
Pionus menstruus (Pme) | 28 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.2 (0–2) | 16.46 (9.22) | 497 | 19 | 0.35 | * |
Pionus seniloides (Pse) | 30 | 0.2 | 0 | 2 | 0.0 (0–0) | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Pionus sordidus (Pso) | 28 | 0.2 | 0 | 1 | 0.0 (0–0) | 17 | 1 | 0.52 | ||
Psittacara wagleri (Pwa) | 36 | 0 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.5 (0–1) | 628 | 10 | 0.14 | * | |
Pyrilia haematotis (Pha) | 21 | 0.1 | 0 | 2 | 0.0 (0–0) | 0 | 1 | - | ||
Pyrilia pyrilia (Ppy) | 24 | 0.1 | 2 | 3 | 0.0 (0–0) | 1 | 0 | - | ||
Thectocercus acuticaudatus (Tac) | 37 | 0 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.5 (0–1) | 20 | 13 | 5.91 | * | |
Touit batavicus (Tba) | 14 | 0.1 | 0 | 3 | 0.0 (0–0) | 1 | 0 | - |
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Romero-Vidal, P.; Hiraldo, F.; Rosseto, F.; Blanco, G.; Carrete, M.; Tella, J.L. Opportunistic or Non-Random Wildlife Crime? Attractiveness Rather Than Abundance in the Wild Leads to Selective Parrot Poaching. Diversity 2020, 12, 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12080314
Romero-Vidal P, Hiraldo F, Rosseto F, Blanco G, Carrete M, Tella JL. Opportunistic or Non-Random Wildlife Crime? Attractiveness Rather Than Abundance in the Wild Leads to Selective Parrot Poaching. Diversity. 2020; 12(8):314. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12080314
Chicago/Turabian StyleRomero-Vidal, Pedro, Fernando Hiraldo, Federica Rosseto, Guillermo Blanco, Martina Carrete, and José L. Tella. 2020. "Opportunistic or Non-Random Wildlife Crime? Attractiveness Rather Than Abundance in the Wild Leads to Selective Parrot Poaching" Diversity 12, no. 8: 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12080314