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Volume 27
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10.3390/ijms27031339
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Communication

Monitoring Nanoparticle Interaction with Murine Breast Cancer Cells Using Multimodal Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy

by
Steven Eckstein
1,
Louisa Herbsleb
1,
Henriette Gröger
2,
Claus Feldmann
2,
Frauke Alves
3,
Andreas Walter
1 and
Herbert Schneckenburger
1,*
1
Center for Optical Technologies, Aalen University, Beethovenstr. 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
2
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
3
Translational Molecular Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences—City Campus, Hermann-Rein Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031339
Submission received: 23 December 2025 / Revised: 23 January 2026 / Accepted: 26 January 2026 / Published: 29 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 25th Anniversary of IJMS: Updates and Advances in "Molecular Biophysics")
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Abstract

To investigate drug delivery in cancer therapy, we integrate fluorescence lifetime measurements, microspectrometry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy to track the uptake of inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH-NPs) by breast cancer cells over incubation periods ranging from 2 to 24 h. Non-radiative energy transfer (FRET) from the LysoTracker Green to the IOH-NPs confirms their lysosomal localization and possibly improves their optical excitation. Beyond the resolution limits of light and electron microscopy, fluorescence lifetime kinetics—including FRET—can thus reveal the nanoscale cellular localization of IOH-NPs and guide the optimization of fluorescence excitation. Here, we extend optical microscopy into a fifth dimension—picosecond fluorescence decay times—complementing 3D spatial and spectral information, establishing lifetime measurements as a versatile tool to study nanoparticle uptake in cancer therapy.
Keywords: light microscopy; fluorescence lifetimes; inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH-NPs); cellular location; FRET light microscopy; fluorescence lifetimes; inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH-NPs); cellular location; FRET

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MDPI and ACS Style

Eckstein, S.; Herbsleb, L.; Gröger, H.; Feldmann, C.; Alves, F.; Walter, A.; Schneckenburger, H. Monitoring Nanoparticle Interaction with Murine Breast Cancer Cells Using Multimodal Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031339

AMA Style

Eckstein S, Herbsleb L, Gröger H, Feldmann C, Alves F, Walter A, Schneckenburger H. Monitoring Nanoparticle Interaction with Murine Breast Cancer Cells Using Multimodal Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(3):1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031339

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eckstein, Steven, Louisa Herbsleb, Henriette Gröger, Claus Feldmann, Frauke Alves, Andreas Walter, and Herbert Schneckenburger. 2026. "Monitoring Nanoparticle Interaction with Murine Breast Cancer Cells Using Multimodal Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 3: 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031339

APA Style

Eckstein, S., Herbsleb, L., Gröger, H., Feldmann, C., Alves, F., Walter, A., & Schneckenburger, H. (2026). Monitoring Nanoparticle Interaction with Murine Breast Cancer Cells Using Multimodal Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(3), 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031339

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