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Volume 27
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10.3390/ijms27031179
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Functional Differences of Glutamine Synthetase Isoenzymes in Wheat Canopy Ammonia Exchange

by
Xi Zhang
1,
Junying Chen
1,
Wenjing Song
2,
Siddique Ahmad
2,
Zhiyong Zhang
2,3,
Huiqiang Li
1,3,
Xinming Ma
2,
Xiaochun Wang
1,3,* and
Yihao Wei
2,3,*
1
College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
2
College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
3
Research and Experiment Station of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Farmland of the Yellow River Basin in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031179
Submission received: 19 December 2025 / Revised: 15 January 2026 / Accepted: 21 January 2026 / Published: 23 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Canopy ammonia (NH3) exchange is a major contributor to agricultural NH3 emissions and is closely linked to nitrogen-use efficiency. Glutamine synthetase (GS) mediates plant NH3 assimilation, yet the specific roles of different GS isoenzymes in regulating wheat canopy NH3 exchange remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the functional differences of wheat TaGS isoenzymes in modulating canopy–atmosphere NH3 exchange dynamics using two wheat cultivars (Yumai 49-198 and Xinong 509) under two nitrogen application levels (120 and 225 kg N ha−1). Field experiments combined with FTIR-based NH3 flux measurement, biochemical assays, and molecular analyses were conducted at anthesis and 16, 24, and 30 days after anthesis (DAA). Results showed that the leaf NH3 compensation point, determined by apoplastic NH4+ concentration, is a key factor influencing canopy NH3 exchange. Leaf NH3 sources exhibited distinct temporal specificity: photorespiration and nitrate reduction dominated at anthesis to 16 DAA, whereas nitrogenous compound degradation prevailed at 24–30 DAA. This temporal partitioning was highly coordinated with TaGS isoenzyme expression: TaGS2 was highest in early grain filling, potentially supporting assimilate NH3 from photorespiration/nitrate reduction, while TaGS1;1 expression increased progressively, aligning with the scavenging of NH3 from organic nitrogen degradation. These coordinated patterns suggest that the TaGS isoenzymes play differentiated roles in influencing wheat canopy NH3 exchange. This study thus provides correlative insights that point to potential molecular targets for breeding nitrogen-efficient wheat cultivars and mitigating agricultural NH3 emissions sustainably.
Keywords: ammonia compensation point; apoplastic NH4+; canopy ammonia exchange; glutamine synthetase; nitrogen metabolism; wheat ammonia compensation point; apoplastic NH4+; canopy ammonia exchange; glutamine synthetase; nitrogen metabolism; wheat

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, X.; Chen, J.; Song, W.; Ahmad, S.; Zhang, Z.; Li, H.; Ma, X.; Wang, X.; Wei, Y. Functional Differences of Glutamine Synthetase Isoenzymes in Wheat Canopy Ammonia Exchange. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031179

AMA Style

Zhang X, Chen J, Song W, Ahmad S, Zhang Z, Li H, Ma X, Wang X, Wei Y. Functional Differences of Glutamine Synthetase Isoenzymes in Wheat Canopy Ammonia Exchange. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(3):1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031179

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Xi, Junying Chen, Wenjing Song, Siddique Ahmad, Zhiyong Zhang, Huiqiang Li, Xinming Ma, Xiaochun Wang, and Yihao Wei. 2026. "Functional Differences of Glutamine Synthetase Isoenzymes in Wheat Canopy Ammonia Exchange" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 3: 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031179

APA Style

Zhang, X., Chen, J., Song, W., Ahmad, S., Zhang, Z., Li, H., Ma, X., Wang, X., & Wei, Y. (2026). Functional Differences of Glutamine Synthetase Isoenzymes in Wheat Canopy Ammonia Exchange. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(3), 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031179

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