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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Flame-Retardant Cyclophosphazene as an Electrolyte Component for Si-Graphite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by
Yulia Vlasova
1,2,
Sergei Potapov
1,
Mikhail Kokontsev
1,
Shakhboz Isokjanov
1,
Olesia Karakulina
1,
Alena Komayko
1,
Alina Inozemtseva
1,3,4,
Viacheslav Savin
4,
Lidiya Minaeva
1,
Alexandra Ageshina
1,
Aleksandra Rzhevskaia
1 and
Valery Krivetskiy
1,2,*
1
Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Moscow 123592, Russia
2
Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
3
Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
4
N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010028
Submission received: 19 November 2025 / Revised: 13 December 2025 / Accepted: 16 December 2025 / Published: 19 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Silicon-graphite anodes offer a practical route to increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but their widespread adoption is hampered by cyclic instability due to huge volume changes of silicon during lithiation/delithiation process. Another fallout of LIBs capacity gain is growing safety concerns due to fire risks, associated with the uncontrolled release of chemical energy. Herein, we test a hexakis(fluoroethoxy)phosphazene (HFEPN) as a multifunctional electrolyte additive designed to mitigate both issues. The flammability of HFEPN-containing electrolytes was evaluated using a self-extinguishing time test, while the electrochemical performance was assessed in Si/C composite||NMC pouch cells under a progressively accelerated cycling protocol. It is shown that the additive fully imparts flame-retardant properties to the electrolyte at a 15 wt% loading. Despite forming a more stable solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) with enhanced interfacial kinetics the additive did not improve the cycling stability of the Si/C-based cells. The cells with 15 wt% HFEPN retained 43% of capacity after 70 cycles, comparable to 46.5% for the reference electrolyte. The diffusion limitations imposed by the increased electrolyte viscosity are assumed to offset the interfacial benefits of the additive. Thus, alongside the improved synthetic route, this study demonstrates that while HFEPN functions as an effective flame retardant and SEI modifier, its practical benefits for silicon anodes are limited at high concentrations by detrimental effects on electrolyte transport properties and should be improved in future molecular design efforts.
Keywords: cyclophosphazene; electrolyte additive; flame retardant; Si/C composite; lithium-ion batteries; solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI); cycling stability cyclophosphazene; electrolyte additive; flame retardant; Si/C composite; lithium-ion batteries; solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI); cycling stability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vlasova, Y.; Potapov, S.; Kokontsev, M.; Isokjanov, S.; Karakulina, O.; Komayko, A.; Inozemtseva, A.; Savin, V.; Minaeva, L.; Ageshina, A.; et al. A Flame-Retardant Cyclophosphazene as an Electrolyte Component for Si-Graphite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010028

AMA Style

Vlasova Y, Potapov S, Kokontsev M, Isokjanov S, Karakulina O, Komayko A, Inozemtseva A, Savin V, Minaeva L, Ageshina A, et al. A Flame-Retardant Cyclophosphazene as an Electrolyte Component for Si-Graphite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(1):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010028

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vlasova, Yulia, Sergei Potapov, Mikhail Kokontsev, Shakhboz Isokjanov, Olesia Karakulina, Alena Komayko, Alina Inozemtseva, Viacheslav Savin, Lidiya Minaeva, Alexandra Ageshina, and et al. 2026. "A Flame-Retardant Cyclophosphazene as an Electrolyte Component for Si-Graphite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 1: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010028

APA Style

Vlasova, Y., Potapov, S., Kokontsev, M., Isokjanov, S., Karakulina, O., Komayko, A., Inozemtseva, A., Savin, V., Minaeva, L., Ageshina, A., Rzhevskaia, A., & Krivetskiy, V. (2026). A Flame-Retardant Cyclophosphazene as an Electrolyte Component for Si-Graphite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010028

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