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Volume 27
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10.3390/ijms27010245
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Human Papillomavirus: Possible Mechanisms of Damage in Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

by
Ana Karla Guzmán-Romero
1,2,
Rebeca Pérez Cabeza de Vaca
3,
Giovani Visoso-Carvajal
2,
Moises Lopez-Gonzalez
4,
Carmen Selene García-Romero
5,* and
Jazmín García-Machorro
2,*
1
Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Centro Médico Nacional “20 de Noviembre”, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City 03100, Mexico
2
Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
3
Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
4
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
5
Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología. Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010245
Submission received: 4 November 2025 / Revised: 19 December 2025 / Accepted: 23 December 2025 / Published: 25 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Human Papillomavirus Family (HPV) Induced Oncogenesis)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign neoplasm derived from the Schneiderian membrane and the endoderm of the ciliated respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. SNIP is uncommon and typically found between the fourth and seventh decades of life, with men being more frequently affected. The medical significance of this benign neoplasm lies in its potential to cause local tissue destruction, tendency toward malignancy, and high recurrence rate. This study describes the histology of the nasosinusal mucosa and histological characteristics of SNIP, as well as its clinical manifestations and treatment. We also describe findings in the development of SNIP such as chronic inflammation and environmental factors. Additionally, we describe the association between cases positive for the human papillomavirus (HPV) and progression to malignancy and recurrence. This analysis includes the tumor microenvironment, encompassing the infiltration of immune cells such as CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, macrophage polarization, and increases in certain metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Finally, we address epigenetic alterations associated with HPV infection.
Keywords: finger-like projection; nasosinusal inverted papilloma; pathogenesis; human papillomavirus; development; progression; and recurrence finger-like projection; nasosinusal inverted papilloma; pathogenesis; human papillomavirus; development; progression; and recurrence

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MDPI and ACS Style

Guzmán-Romero, A.K.; Pérez Cabeza de Vaca, R.; Visoso-Carvajal, G.; Lopez-Gonzalez, M.; García-Romero, C.S.; García-Machorro, J. Human Papillomavirus: Possible Mechanisms of Damage in Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010245

AMA Style

Guzmán-Romero AK, Pérez Cabeza de Vaca R, Visoso-Carvajal G, Lopez-Gonzalez M, García-Romero CS, García-Machorro J. Human Papillomavirus: Possible Mechanisms of Damage in Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(1):245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010245

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guzmán-Romero, Ana Karla, Rebeca Pérez Cabeza de Vaca, Giovani Visoso-Carvajal, Moises Lopez-Gonzalez, Carmen Selene García-Romero, and Jazmín García-Machorro. 2026. "Human Papillomavirus: Possible Mechanisms of Damage in Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 1: 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010245

APA Style

Guzmán-Romero, A. K., Pérez Cabeza de Vaca, R., Visoso-Carvajal, G., Lopez-Gonzalez, M., García-Romero, C. S., & García-Machorro, J. (2026). Human Papillomavirus: Possible Mechanisms of Damage in Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(1), 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010245

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