Next Article in Journal
Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications—A Narrative Review
Next Article in Special Issue
Comprehensive Characterization and Functional Analysis of the Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain Gene Family in Rice: Evolution, Expression, and Stress Response
Previous Article in Journal
Immunomodulatory Potential of 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol in Lactobacillus plantarum-Fermented Zingiber officinale Extract on Murine Macrophages
Previous Article in Special Issue
Identification, Phylogeny, and Expression Profiling of Pineapple Heat Shock Proteins (HSP70) Under Various Abiotic Stresses
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 26
Issue 5
10.3390/ijms26052156
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

ZmCaM2-1, a Calmodulin Gene, Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis Through the ABA-Independent Pathway

by
Zhiqiang Wu
†,
Meiyi Liu
†,
Hanqiao Wang
,
Mingrui Li
,
Xiaoyue Liu
,
Zhenyuan Zang
* and
Liangyu Jiang
*
College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 2156; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052156
Submission received: 27 January 2025 / Revised: 25 February 2025 / Accepted: 26 February 2025 / Published: 27 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Molecular, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of Crops to Stress)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Calmodulin (CaM) family members play crucial roles in the response to various abiotic stresses. However, the functions of CaMs in the response to drought stress in maize are unclear. In this study, a CaM gene, ZmCaM2-1, was isolated from the maize (Zea mays L.) inbred line B73. The coding sequence (CDS) of ZmCaM2-1 was 450 bp with a protein of 149 aa which contains four EF-hand motifs. The ZmCaM2-1 protein was located in the cell nucleus and membrane, and is able to bind to Ca2+. ZmCaM2-1 was strongly induced by drought, NaCl, and low-temperature treatments, except for abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 in Arabidopsis was found to decrease the drought tolerance with lower antioxidant enzyme activity and greater reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the phenotype and ABA-related gene expression levels between ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing Arabidopsis and the wild type (WT) under ABA treatment. These results indicate that ZmCaM2-1 negatively regulates the tolerance of Arabidopsis to drought stress through the ABA-independent pathway.

1. Introduction

Maize is a major food, economic, and animal feed crop which plays a vital role in ensuring food security worldwide. However, its growth and development are often threatened by various abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heat, and cold [1,2]. Of these, drought stress is the most important limiting factor, leading to severe production losses ranging from 20% to 40% [3]. Therefore, exploring drought-tolerance-related genes or studying the transcription factors that trigger these genes’ up- or down-regulation [4] and developing drought-tolerant varieties are of great importance.
The calcium ion (Ca2+), as a significant second messenger, plays a key role in the response to various abiotic and biotic stresses [5]. When exposed to external stress, the concentration of free Ca2+ in plants changes. Subsequently, plants decode and transmit Ca2+ messages through Ca2+ sensors [6]. To date, several Ca2+ sensors have been identified in plants, including CaM/CML (calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein), CBL (calcineurin B-like protein), and CDPK (calcium-dependent protein kinase) [7]. Unlike the CDPK and CBL proteins, CaM/CML proteins only possess EF-hand domains, which have been found to function as a Ca2+ binding site [8,9]. CaM and CML proteins contain four EF-hand domains and between one and six EF-hand domains, respectively [10].
CaM and CML have been shown to be involved in the response to drought stress [11]. Overexpression of OsDSR-1 can enhance the tolerance of rice to drought stress [12]. CmCML13-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants exhibit stronger drought stress tolerance [13]. AtCML37 knock-out Arabidopsis shows reduced drought stress tolerance [14]. Overexpression of MtCaMP1 significantly enhances the tolerance of Arabidopsis to drought stress [15]. Overexpression of VaCML92 leads to increased drought tolerance in Arabidopsis [16]. AtCML9 negatively regulates the drought tolerance of Arabidopsis [17]. These findings demonstrate that the CaM and CML genes play important roles in regulating drought stress responses.
Several studies have shown that Ca2+ is involved in responses to drought stress though the abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways, and some Ca2+ sensors have been found to act as core transductors [18]. CML37, CML38, and CML39 are induced by drought and ABA treatments [19]. OsMSR2 has been shown to be involved in drought stress tolerance through the ABA-dependent signaling pathway [20]. AtCML42 loss-of-function mutants show enhanced tolerance to drought stress through the ABA-dependent signaling pathway [21]. However, OsCML4 was found to increase the tolerance of plants to drought stress through the ABA-independent signaling pathway [22]. These findings suggest that CaM and CML genes can regulate drought stress tolerance through the ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways.
An increasing number of studies have shown that the CaM and CML genes are involved in drought stress responses through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway. Overexpression of OsCML4 can confer enhanced drought tolerance through clearing ROS accumulation [22]. Overexpression of MsCML46 can improve the tolerance of tobacco to freezing, drought, and salt stresses by decreasing the production of ROS [23]. Overexpression of ShCML44 can increase the tolerance of tobacco to cold, drought, and salt stress by reducing ROS accumulation [24]. HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 were found to interact with HvCML32 and negatively regulate drought tolerance by enhancing ROS accumulation [25]. These studies demonstrated that the CaM and CML genes can modulate drought stress tolerance through affecting ROS accumulation.
The CaM and CML genes play an important role in the response to drought stress. However, the functions of the CaM and CML genes in maize remain to be comprehensively elucidated. Previously, we identified the CaM and CML genes in maize, and used a transcriptome sequencing database to find that a CaM gene expression was significantly up-regulated under drought stress in maize, suggesting that it may be involved in drought stress tolerance [26,27]. In this study, the CaM gene ZmCaM2-1 was cloned from the maize inbred line B73. A function analysis of ZmCaM2-1 was carried out through subcellular localization and Ca2+ binding analysis. We revealed the function of ZmCaM2-1 under drought stress based on ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis. The findings highlight the potential role of ZmCaM2-1 in the response to drought stress and provide an important foundation for breeding drought-tolerant maize varieties.

2. Results

2.1. Gene Cloning and Sequence Analysis of ZmCaM2-1

The coding sequence (CDS) of ZmCaM2-1 (Zm00001d040323) was cloned from leaves of the inbred maize B73. The CDS length of ZmCaM2-1 was 450 bp and encoded a protein of 149 amino acids with a predicted mass of 19.8 kDa and a theoretical PI of 10.15. Multiple sequence alignment of ZmCaM2-1 with its orthologs found that ZmCaM2-1 possesses four conserved EF-hand domains (Figure 1a). To investigate the evolutionary relationships of ZmCaM2-1, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA11. The results showed that the ZmCaM2-1 amino acid had the highest degree of homology with Oryza sativa OsCaM3 (99%), followed by Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench SbCaM2 (99%) and Arabidopsis thaliana AtCaM7 (98%) (Figure 1b).

2.2. Expression Profiling of ZmCaM2-1 Under Various Treatments

To explore the underlying function of ZmCaM2-1, we further assessed the transcription levels of ZmCaM2-1 under PEG, NaCl, ABA, and low-temperature treatments in maize by using Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). After 20% PEG6000 treatment, the relative expression level of ZmCaM2-1 was significantly up-regulated from 12 h to 24 h and reached its highest level at 24 h (1.7 fold) (Figure 2a). After 250 mM NaCl treatment, the relative expression level of ZmCaM2-1 peaked at 24 h, and was 4.6 times higher than that at 0 h (Figure 2b). The relative expression level of ZmCaM2-1 showed no significant change after exogenous 50 μM ABA treatment (Figure 2c). After low-temperature treatment, the relative expression level of ZmCaM2-1 increased from 6 h to 12 h, and then gradually decreased from 24 h to 48 h (Figure 2d). Taken together, these results indicate that ZmCaM2-1 expression is significantly induced by drought, salt, and low-temperature treatments, except when under ABA treatment.

2.3. The ZmCaM2-1 Protein Is Located in the Cell Nucleus and Membrane

To determine the subcellular localization of the ZmCaM2-1 protein, a ZmCaM2-1- green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was constructed and transformed into the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana by the Agrobacterium-mediated method. The pCAMBIA1302-GFP vector was used as a control. As shown in Figure 3a, ZmCaM2-1-GFP was observed in the cell nucleus and membrane. The control-GFP showed similar results. To further verify the location of the ZmCaM2-1 protein, a 35S:: ZmCaM2-1-GFP vector was constructed and transiently expressed into Arabidopsis protoplasts. As shown in Figure 3b, the control was observed throughout the whole cell, while 35S:: ZmCaM2-1-GFP was observed only in the cell membrane and nucleus. These results demonstrate that the ZmCaM2-1 protein is located in the cell membrane and nucleus.

2.4. ZmCaM2-1 Is Able to Bind to Ca2+

The ZmCaM2-1 protein has four conserved EF-hand domains, indicating that it can probably bind to Ca2+. To investigate whether ZmCaM2-1 can bind to Ca2+, a 15% SDS-PAGE mobility shift analysis was performed in the presence of either (1 mM, 10 mM, and 40 mM) CaCl2 or 3 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Conserved CaM typically shows a more rapid electrophoretic migration in the presence of Ca2+ than in the presence of EGTA [28]. As shown in Figure 4a, the migration rate of the recombinant protein ZmCaM2-1-His was slower in the presence of an EGTA chelator than in the presence of Ca2+. When different contents of ZmCaM2-1-His (1 μg, 2 μg, and 4 μg) were added with 1 mM CaCl2 or 3 mM EGTA, the ZmCaM2-1-His migrated faster in the presence of Ca2+ than in the presence of EGTA (Figure 4b). These results demonstrate that ZmCaM2-1 is able to bind to Ca2+.

2.5. Overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 Decreases the Tolerance of Arabidopsis to Drought Stress

To explore the role of ZmCaM2-1 in the response to drought stress, ZmCaM2-1 was overexpressed in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis (Columbia). The T3-generation ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines (OE1 and OE2) with the highest expression (Figure S1) were selected for further analysis. Under normal conditions, there are no significant differences in the length of the roots between the WT and the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines. However, under 200 mM mannitol or 300 mM mannitol treatment, root growth was more inhibited in OE1 and OE2 than in the WT. Under 200 mM mannitol treatment, the root lengths of OE1 (3.6 cm) and OE2 (3.2 cm) were significantly shorter than those of the WT (4.5 cm). Under 300 mM mannitol treatment, the inhibition effect was more obvious, and the root length of the WT was 3.5 cm, while that of OE1 and OE2 was 2.7 cm and 2.6 cm, respectively (Figure 5a,c). The leaf expansion rate was analyzed under 200 mM mannitol or 300 mM mannitol treatment. There were no significant differences in the leaf expansion rate between the WT (100%) and the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines (100%) under normal conditions. However, the leaf expansion rate was significantly lower in the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines than in the WT. Under 200 mM mannitol treatment, the leaf expansion rate in the WT was 49.8%, but was 38.2% and 33.8% in the OE1 and OE2, respectively. Under 300 mM mannitol treatment, the leaf expansion rate in OE1 (8.7%) and OE2 (5.9%) was lower than in the WT (33.7%) (Figure 5b,d). These results indicate that overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 negatively regulates the tolerance of Arabidopsis to mannitol treatment.
To further verify whether overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 decreased the tolerance of Arabidopsis to drought stress, 3-week-old OE1, OE2, and WT seedlings were subjected to drought treatment by withholding water for 14 days (d), followed by re-watering for 3 d. As shown in Figure 6a, the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines (OE1 and OE2) exhibited a more severely wilted phenotype than the WT. After watering was resumed, the growth of the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines was weaker than in the WT. The survival rate of the WT was 65.3%, while that of OE1 and OE2 was only 22.67% and 22.69%, respectively (Figure 6b). Taken together, our results demonstrate that overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 negatively regulates the drought tolerance of Arabidopsis.

2.6. Overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 Decreases Drougth Stress Tolerance Through Increasing ROS Accumulation

To explore the function of ZmCaM2-1 in the response to drought stress, we measured various physiological indicators of the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines and the WT after drought treatment for 14 d, including proline (Pro) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), and ROS content. Under normal conditions, there were no significant differences in SOD activity, POD activity, Pro content, MDA content, or ROS content between the WT and the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines (OE1, OE2). However, after drought stress treatment for 14 d, the Pro content and the POD and SOD activity were significantly lower in OE1 and OE2 than in the WT (Figure 7a,c,d). The MDA content was significantly higher in OE1 and OE2 than in the WT (Figure 7b). Meanwhile, the ROS content was significantly greater in OE1 and OE2 than in the WT under drought treatment (Figure 7e). These results demonstrate that overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 decreases the tolerance of Arabidopsis to drought stress by increasing the ROS and MDA content, and decreasing the Pro content and the POD and SOD activity.

2.7. The Transgenic Arabidopsis Shows Normal Sensitivity to ABA Thanks to the Overexpression of the ZmCaM2-1

To determine whether ZmCaM2-1 was associated with the ABA signaling pathway, the root length and leaf expansion rate of the WT and the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines (OE1 and OE2) were measured under 0 μM, 0.5 μM, and 0.8 μM ABA treatment, respectively. As shown in Figure 8, there were no significant differences in the root length and leaf expansion rate between the WT and the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines under 0 μM ABA treatment. The root length and leaf expansion rate of the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines and the WT also showed no significant differences under 0.5 μM or 0.8 μM ABA treatment, respectively. The ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines displayed normal sensitivity to ABA, suggesting that ZmCaM2-1 is independent of the ABA signaling pathway under drought stress.

2.8. Overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 Reduces the Expression of Drought-Related Genes but Has No Effect on ABA-Related Genes

To further understand whether ZmCaM2-1 is involved in drought stress through the ABA-independent signaling pathway, the expression levels of ABA-inducible genes and drought-related genes were examined. As shown in Figure 9a–d, the relative expression levels of ABA-inducible genes (ERD10, RAB18, COR47, and MYB2) showed no observable differences between the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines and the WT after exposure to 0.8 μm ABA at 0 h or 12 h. However, the drought-related gene RD29A, as an ABA-independent marker gene, was significantly down-regulated in the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines under drought conditions at 24 h (Figure 9e). Taken together, overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 can decrease the drought tolerance of Arabidopsis through the ABA-independent pathway.

3. Discussion

CaM and CMLs, as important Ca2+ sensors, play crucial roles in the response to abiotic stress [29]. Although many CaM and CML genes have been identified in various plants [30,31], the functions of those genes still need to be elucidated. Previously, we found that a CaM gene may be involved in drought stress tolerance in maize by using a transcriptome sequencing database [26,27]. However, its function remains unclear. In the present study, we cloned the CaM gene, namely ZmCaM2-1 (Figure 1). The qRT-qPCR showed that the expression level of ZmCaM2-1 is significantly up-regulated by drought treatment (Figure 2a). ZmCaM2-1 was located in the cell nucleus and membrane, and can bind to Ca2+ (Figure 3 and Figure 4). ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing Arabidopsis shows reduced drought tolerance through increasing the ROS and MDA content, and decreasing the Pro content, POD activity, and SOD activity. (Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7). Moreover, we found that ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing Arabidopsis shows normal sensitivity to ABA (Figure 8 and Figure 9). These findings reveal that ZmCaM2-1 can negatively regulate the tolerance of maize to drought stress through the ABA-independent pathway.
Under stress conditions, the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ rapidly increases and is recognized by CaM and CMLs. Ca2+/CaM activates the target genes and initiates a series of physiological responses [32,33,34]. Extensive studies have shown that the activation of CaM/CMLs depends on the binding properties of Ca2+. Hsp70 was reported to bind to AtCaM2 in a Ca2+-dependent manner [35]. MYB2 was also found to interact with CaM in the presence of Ca2+ [36,37]. In addition, the subcellular location of CaM/CMLs also can affect Ca2+ binding and signaling transduction. CaM/CMLs have been found to be located in the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and nucleus [38]. For example, MpCML40 was located in the plasma membrane and in the nucleus [39]. CaCML13 was found to be located in the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus [40]. In this study, we found that ZmCaM2-1 is located in the cell nucleus and membrane and can bind to Ca2+ (Figure 3 and Figure 4). The subcellular localization of ZmCaM2-1 may be beneficial for binding to Ca2+, and the Ca2+/ZmCaM2-1 complex may activate the Ca2+ signal transduction pathway to respond to drought stress in maize.
An increasing number of studies have shown that CaM/CMLs positively regulate the drought stress response. Overexpression of EcCaM can enhance the tolerance of Arabidopsis to drought and salt stresses [41]. OsCML16 can positively regulate the drought stress tolerance in rice [42]. However, several CaM/CMLs were found to act as negative regulators of drought tolerance. For example, GsCML27-overexpressing Arabidopsis shows increased sensitivity to osmotic stress [43]. CML20 negatively regulates drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis [44]. Thus, CaM/CMLs may have different functions in the response to drought stress. In this study, ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing Arabidopsis shows decreased drought stress tolerance (Figure 5 and Figure 6), indicating that ZmCaM2-1 has a negative effect on the tolerance to drought stress. The result will provide a reference for us to understand the function of ZmCaM2-1 in maize.
ROS as a second messenger is important to protect plants from various abiotic stresses [45,46]. However, the excessive accumulation of ROS can cause cell damage [47]. Overexpression of CIPK11 can confer reduced drought tolerance by enhancing ROS accumulation [48]. Overexpression of MePP2C24 enhances the sensitivity of Arabidopsis to drought stress with a higher ROS content [49]. VvWRKY18-overexpressing Arabidopsis exhibited a decreased tolerance to drought stress and an increased level of ROS [50]. In this study, we found that overexpression of ZmCaM2-1 decreases the tolerance of Arabidopsis to drought stress with a higher MDA content, lower Pro content, lower POD and SOD activity, and greater ROS production. These results demonstrate that ZmCaM2-1 negatively regulates the tolerance to drought stress through increasing the ROS accumulation. It is well known that ROS can increase the concentration of Ca2+, and Ca2+ also can trigger ROS generation [51,52]. Both Ca2+ and ROS are involved in drought stress in plants [53]. Thus, ZmCaM2-1 may regulate the Ca2+ and ROS signaling pathway to participate in the drought stress response.
ABA plays a crucial role in the response to various abiotic stresses [54]. Both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways are utilized in the response to osmotic stress [55]. Our data have indicated that the expression of ZmCaM2-1 is not significantly induced by ABA treatment (Figure 2c). ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis shows normal sensitivity to ABA treatment (Figure 8). Under ABA treatment, there was no significant difference in the transcription level of ABA-responsive genes between the ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines and the WT (Figure 9a–d). These results indicate that ZmCaM2-1 may negatively regulate drought stress tolerance in an ABA-independent manner. The results are consistent with the function of OsCML4 [22]. Future research should focus on how ZmCaM2-1 modulates drought stress in an ABA-independent manner.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials and Stress Treatments

Seeds of the maize inbred line B73 and the wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis (Columbia) were provided by the Maize Breeding Innovation Team of Jilin Agricultural University. The maize inbred line B73 was planted in a germination box with a light/dark cycle of 16/8 h at 28/25 °C. The seedlings of B73 at the third-leaf stage (V3) were treated by PEG6000 (20% w/v) [56], ABA (50 μM) [56], and NaCl (250 mM) [56] and by low-temperature stress (4 °C) [57]. The leaves with the same growth tendency were taken at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, and stored at −80 °C.

4.2. RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR

Total RNA was extracted from the plant leaves using Trizol (Tiangen, Beijing, China), and 2 μg RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using a reverse transcription kit (TOYOBO, Shanghai, China). The qRT-PCR was carried out using QuantStudio 3 (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA). The data were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method, based on three biological replicates [58]. ZmTUB (GRMZM2G066191) and ACTIN2 (At3g18780) were used as internal controls. All primer sequences (ZmTUB-F/R, ACTIN2-F/R, and ZmCaM2-1-Q-F/R) are shown in Table S1.

4.3. ZmCaM2-1 Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis

The full-length sequence of ZmCaM2-1 was cloned from the maize inbred line B73 via reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All primer sequences are shown in Table S1 (ZmCaM2-1-Cloning-F/R). The amino acid sequence of ZmCaM2-1 was analyzed using Uniprot (https://www.uniprot.org/, accessed on 11 November 2024). The ZmCaM2-1 homologous sequences from other plants were searched using NCBI-BLAST (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 11 November 2024), and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 11. Sequence alignments of ZmCaM2-1 orthologs were also performed using MEGA 11 software.

4.4. Purification of ZmCaM2-1 Protein and Ca2+ Binding Assay

To detect whether the ZmCaM2-1 protein can bind to Ca2+, the CDS of ZmCaM2-1 was constructed into the restriction sites (Nde I and BamH I) of the pET29b vector using a Seamless Cloning Kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). All primer sequences (pET-29b-ZmCaM2-1-F/R) are shown in Table S1. The recombinant vector pET29b-ZmCaM2-1 was transformed into the BL21 (DE3) competent cell to generate the ZmCaM2-1-His protein (Coolaber, Beijing, China). The recombinant protein ZmCaM2-1-His was induced with 1 mM Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside for 4 h at 37 °C, and the protein was purified using a His-Tag protein Purification Kit (LABLEAD, Beijing, China). The purified ZmCaM2-1-His protein (2 μg) was separated using 15% SDS-PAGE, which was added to either CaCl2 (1 mM, 10 mM, or 40 mM) or 3 mM EGTA. In addition, the purified ZmCaM2-1-His protein (1 μg, 2 μg, and 4 μg) was separated in the 15% SDS-PAGE, which was added to 1 mM CaCl2 or 3 mM EGTA.

4.5. Subcellular Localization of ZmCaM2-1

For the subcellular localization assay, the CDS of ZmCaM2-1 was constructed into the restriction sites (Bgl II and Spe I) of the pCAMBIA1302 vector to generate the ZmCaM2-1-GFP protein using a Seamless Cloning Kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). The primers are listed in Table S1 (pCAMBIA1302-ZmCaM2-1-F/R). The plasmids were transformed into the leaves of a 4-week-old Nicotiana benthamiana using an Agrobacterium-mediated method [59]. The leaves were cultured in darkness at 22 °C for 16–24 h. In addition, the CDS of ZmCaM2-1 was constructed into the restriction sites (Pst I and BamH I) of the 16318-hGFP vector to generate the 35S:: ZmCaM2-1-GFP protein using a Seamless Cloning Kit (Beyotime, China). The primers (35S:: ZmCaM2-1-GFP-F/R) and sequences are listed in Table S1 and Figure S2. The plasmids were transformed into Arabidopsis protoplasts according to the method described by Yoo et al. (2007) [60]. The GFP signal was detected and imaged using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica, Frankfurt, Germany).

4.6. Gene Transformation and Drought Tolerance Assay

To generate transgenic Arabidopsis, the CDS of ZmCaM2-1 was constructed into the restriction sites (Nco I and Pml I) of the pCAMBIA3301-4Myc vector using a Seamless Cloning Kit (Beyotime, China). The primers (pCAMBIA3301-4Myc-ZmCaM2-1-F/R) and sequences are listed in Table S1 and Figure S2. The recombinant plasmid was transferred into the EHA105 competent cell (Coolaber, China) and then transformed into the wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis (Columbia) using the floral dip method [61]. T3-generation transgenic Arabidopsis lines were obtained through screening and self-crossing, which were verified using phosphine oxalate, a Bar test strip, and qRT-PCR (ZmCaM2-1-Q-F/R).
The sterile WT and T3-generation transgenic Arabidopsis seeds OE1 and OE2 were germinated in 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (pH 5.7) with 200 mM and 300 mM mannitol or 0.5 μM and 0.8 μM ABA treatments. The root length and leaf expansion rate were measured after treatment for 10 d. For a drought tolerance assay, 7-day-old seedlings grown on agar plates were transferred to soil and placed in a growth chamber with a 16-hour/8-hour light/dark cycle at 22 °C for 2 weeks. The 3-week-old plants were subjected to drought treatment by withholding water for 14 d, followed by re-watering for 3 d. Images were captured using a Nikon D7000 (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).

4.7. Physiological Index Detection

About 0.1 g of plant leaves was used to determine the SOD, POD, MDA, Pro, and ROS activity. The Pro content was measured using the method of L. S. Bates et al. (1973) [62]. Pro can react with ninhydrin to form red compounds, and the absorption value is measured at 520 nm. The MDA content was determined using thiobarbituric acid (TBA). MDA can react with TBA to produce reddish-brown 3,5,5-Trimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (Trimethadione). The maximum absorption value was measured at 532 nm and corrected at 600 nm and 450 nm [63]. The SOD activity was measured via inhibiting reduction of nitrogen blue tetrazole (NBT) under light. The absorbance value was measured at 560 nm [64]. The POD activity was measured using the guaiacol method. In the presence of POD, H2O2 can oxidize o-methoxy-phenol (guaiacol) to produce reddish-brown 4-o-methoxyphenol. The absorption value was measured at 470 nm [65]. ROS were extracted using a Plant ROS ELISA Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (KETE, Wenzhou, China). The ROS content was detected at 450 nm using a full-wavelength enzyme-labeling apparatus (HBS-ScanY, Shanghai, China). All samples were calculated using three biological replicates.

4.8. Statistical Analysis

The statistical experiments were analyzed according to three biological replicates. All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9.0 software with one- and two-way ANOVAs. A significant difference was defined as * p < 0.05 and a highly significant difference as ** p <  0.01.

5. Conclusions

Our results showed that ZmCaM2-1 negatively regulates drought tolerance by reducing antioxidant enzyme activity and increasing ROS content. Moreover, ZmCaM2-1 is involved in the drought stress response in an ABA-independent manner. Future studies will involve the function of ZmCaM2-1 in the drought stress response in maize. ZmCaM2-1 may be beneficial for breeding drought-tolerant maize varieties through gene editing technology. This finding will provide a piece of information for understanding the Ca2+ and ABA-independent signaling pathways involved in plant stress responses and is helpful for studying the function of CaMs in plants.

Supplementary Materials

The supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms26052156/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.Z. and L.J.; methodology, Z.Z. and L.J.; validation, Z.W., M.L. (Meiyi Liu), H.W. and M.L. (Mingrui Li); investigation, Z.W., M.L. (Meiyi Liu), H.W. and X.L.; resources, Z.Z. and L.J.; data curation, Z.W., M.L. (Meiyi Liu) and X.L.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.W., M.L. (Meiyi Liu), H.W. and M.L. (Mingrui Li); writing—review and editing, Z.Z., L.J. and Z.W.; visualization, Z.W., M.L. (Meiyi Liu), H.W. and M.L. (Mingrui Li); supervision, Z.Z. and L.J.; project administration, Z.Z. and L.J.; funding acquisition, Z.Z. and L.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program (20240602040RC), the Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jilin Province (JJKH20230396KJ), and the Doctor Foundation of Jilin Agricultural University (201020786).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article or Supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
Ca2+Calcium ion
CaMCalmodulin
CMLCalmodulin-like protein
CBLCalcineurin B-Like
CDPKCalcium-dependent protein kinase
ABAAbscisic acid
ROSReactive oxygen species
CDSCoding sequence
qRT-PCRQuantitative Real-Time PCR
GFPGreen fluorescent protein
hHour
EGTAEthylene glycol tetraacetic acid
WTArabidopsis thaliana (Columbia, Col-0)
OEZmCaM2-1-Overexpressing Arabidopsis
dDay
TBAThiobarbituric acid
ProProline
MDAMalondialdehyde
SODSuperoxide dismutase
PODPeroxidase

References

  1. Cao, L.; Lu, X.; Wang, G.; Zhang, P.; Fu, J.; Wang, Z.; Wei, L.; Wang, T. Transcriptional regulatory networks in response to drought stress and rewatering in maize (Zea mays L.). Mol. Genet. Genomics 2021, 296, 1203–1219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Balassa, G.; Oláh, C.; Balassa, K.; Rácz, I.; Kátay, G.; Kalapos, B.; Boldizsár, I.; Sárvári, É.; Solti, Á.; Pál, M.; et al. Physiological and molecular background of maize cold-tolerance enhancement with S-methylmethionine salicylate. Plant Growth Regul. 2022, 41, 2073–2091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Daryanto, S.; Wang, L.; Jacinthe, P.A. Global Synthesis of Drought Effects on Maize and Wheat Production. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0156362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Cataldo, E.; Puccioni, S.; Eichmeier, A.; Natale, R.; Gori, M.; Biricolti, S.; Mattii, G.B. Effect of zeolite and irrigation treatments on grapevine leaves, an interdisciplinary approach. Plant Soil 2024, preprint, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Aldon, D.; Mbengue, M.; Mazars, C.; Galaud, J.P. Calcium signalling in plant biotic interactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Zeng, H.; Xu, L.; Singh, A.; Wang, H.; Du, L.; Poovaiah, B.W. Involvement of calmodulin and calmodulin-like proteins in plant responses to abiotic stresses. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. McAinsh, M.R.; Brownlee, C.; Hetherington, A.M. Visualizing Changes in Cytosolic-Free Ca2+ during the Response of Stomatal Guard Cells to Abscisic Acid. Plant Cell. 1992, 4, 1113–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Bagur, R.; Hajnóczky, G. Intracellular Ca2+ Sensing: Its Role in Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling. Mol. Cell 2017, 66, 780–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Nie, S.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, L. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of calmodulin-like (CML) genes in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). BMC Genom. 2017, 18, 842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Munir, S.; Khan, M.R.; Song, J.; Munir, S.; Zhang, Y.; Ye, Z.; Wang, T. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of calmodulin-like (CML) proteins in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2016, 102, 167–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Zeng, Y.; Li, L.; Yang, R.; Yi, X.; Zhang, B. Contribution and distribution of inorganic ions and organic compounds to the osmotic adjustment in Halostachys caspica response to salt stress. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 13639. [Google Scholar]
  12. Yin, X.; Huang, L.; Wang, M.; Cui, Y.; Xia, X. OsDSR-1, a calmodulin-like gene, improves drought tolerance through scavenging of reactive oxygen species in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Mol. Breed. 2017, 37, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Yang, S.; Xiong, X.; Arif, S.; Gao, L.; Zhao, L.; Shah, I.H.; Zhang, Y. A calmodulin-like CmCML13 from Cucumis melo improved transgenic Arabidopsis salt tolerance through reduced shoot’s Na+ and also improved drought resistance. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2020, 155, 271–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Scholz, S.S.; Vadassery, J.; Heyer, M.; Reichelt, M.; Bender, K.W.; Snedden, W.A.; Boland, W.; Mithöfer, A. Mutation of the Arabidopsis calmodulin-like protein CML37 deregulates the jasmonate pathway and enhances susceptibility to herbivory. Mol. Plant. 2014, 7, 1712–1726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Wang, T.Z.; Zhang, J.L.; Tian, Q.Y.; Zhao, M.G.; Zhang, W.H. A Medicago truncatula EF-hand family gene, MtCaMP1, is involved in drought and salt stress tolerance. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e58952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Aleynova, O.A.; Kiselev, K.V.; Suprun, A.R.; Ananev, A.A.; Dubrovina, A.S. Involvement of the Calmodulin-like Protein Gene VaCML92 in Grapevine Abiotic Stress Response and Stilbene Production. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Magnan, F.; Ranty, B.; Charpenteau, M.; Sotta, B.; Galaud, J.P.; Aldon, D. Mutations in AtCML9, a calmodulin-like protein from Arabidopsis thaliana, alter plant responses to abiotic stress and abscisic acid. Plant J. 2008, 56, 575–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Liu, H.; Song, S.; Zhang, H.; Li, Y.; Niu, L.; Zhang, J.; Wang, W. Signaling transduction of ABA, ROS, and Ca2+ in plant stomatal closure in response to drought. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Vanderbeld, B.; Snedden, W.A. Developmental and stimulus-induced expression patterns of Arabidopsis calmodulin-like genes CML37, CML38 and CML39. Plant Mol. Biol. 2007, 64, 683–697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Xu, G.Y.; Rocha, P.S.; Wang, M.L.; Xu, M.L.; Cui, Y.C.; Li, L.Y.; Zhu, Y.X.; Xia, X. A novel rice calmodulin-like gene, OsMSR2, enhances drought and salt tolerance and increases ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Planta 2011, 234, 47–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Vadassery, J.; Reichelt, M.; Hause, B.; Gershenzon, J. CML42-mediated calcium signaling coordinates responses to Spodoptera herbivory and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2012, 159, 1159–1175. [Google Scholar]
  22. Yin, X.M.; Huang, L.F.; Zhang, X.; Wang, M.L.; Xu, G.Y.; Xia, X.J. OsCML4 improves drought tolerance through scavenging of reactive oxygen species in rice. J. Plant Biol. 2015, 58, 68–73. [Google Scholar]
  23. Du, B.; Chen, N.; Song, L.; Wang, D.; Cai, H.; Yao, L.; Li, X.; Guo, C. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) MsCML46 gene encoding calmodulin-like protein confers tolerance to abiotic stress in tobacco. Plant Cell Rep. 2021, 40, 1907–1922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Munir, S.; Liu, H.; Xing, Y.; Hussain, S.; Ouyang, B.; Zhang, Y.; Li, H.; Ye, Z. Overexpression of calmodulin-like (ShCML44) stress-responsive gene from Solanum habrochaites enhances tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 31772. [Google Scholar]
  25. Cui, Y.; Wu, K.; Yao, X. The CDPK-related protein kinase HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 interact with HvCML32 to negatively regulate drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2024, 214, 108909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Zhu, F.F.; Dong, Y.H.; Ren, Z.Z.; Wang, Z.Y.; Su, H.H.; Ku, L.X.; Chen, Y.H. Over-expression of ZmIBH1-1 to Improve Drought Resistance in Maize Seedlings. Sci. Agric. Sin. 2021, 54, 4500–4521. [Google Scholar]
  27. Wang, Z.; Wang, L.H.; Li, J.X.; Yang, W.; Ci, J.B.; Ren, X.J.; Jiang, L.Y.; Yang, W.G. Identification and expression analysis revealed drought stress-responsive Calmodulin and Calmodulin-like genes in maize. J. Plant Interact. 2022, 17, 450–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Garrigos, M.; Deschamps, S.; Viel, A.; Lund, S.; Champeil, P.; Møller, J.V.; le Maire, M. Detection of Ca2+-binding proteins by electrophoretic migration in the presence of Ca2+ combined with 45Ca2+ overlay of protein blots. Anal. Biochem. 1991, 194, 82–88. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  29. Tong, T.; Li, Q.; Jiang, W.; Chen, G.; Xue, D.; Deng, F.; Zeng, F.; Chen, Z.H. Molecular evolution of calcium signaling and transport in plant adaptation to abiotic stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Gong, M.; Chen, S.N.; Song, Y.Q.; Li, Z.G. Effect of calcium and calmodulin on intrinsic heat tolerance in relation to antioxidant systems in maize seedlings. Funct. Plant Biol. 1997, 24, 371–379. [Google Scholar]
  31. Gong, M.; Li, Y.-J.; Dai, X.; Tian, M.; Li, Z.-G. Involvement of calcium and calmodulin in the acquisition of heat-shock induced thermotolerance in maize seedlings. J. Plant Physiol. 1997, 150, 615–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Yap, K.L.; Ames, J.B.; Swindells, M.B.; Ikura, M. Diversity of conformational states and changes within the EF-hand protein superfamily. Proteins 1999, 37, 499–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Kim, M.C.; Chung, W.S.; Yun, D.J.; Cho, M.J. Calcium and calmodulin-mediated regulation of gene expression in plants. Mol. Plant. 2009, 2, 13–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Zeng, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Pi, E.; Zhu, Y. Analysis of EF-hand proteins in soybean genome suggests their potential roles in environmental and nutritional stress signaling. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Cha, J.Y.; Su’udi, M.; Kim, W.Y.; Kim, D.R.; Kwak, Y.S.; Son, D. Functional characterization of orchardgrass cytosolic Hsp70 (DgHsp70) and the negative regulation by Ca2+/AtCaM2 binding. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2012, 58, 29–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Yoo, J.H.; Park, C.Y.; Kim, J.C.; Do Heo, W.; Cheong, M.S.; Park, H.C.; Kim, M.C.; Moon, B.C.; Choi, M.S.; Kang, Y.H.; et al. Direct interaction of a divergent CaM isoform and the transcription factor, MYB2, enhances salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280, 3697–3706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Abe, H.; Urao, T.; Ito, T.; Seki, M.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Arabidopsis AtMYC2 (bHLH) and AtMYB2 (MYB) function as transcriptional activators in abscisic acid signaling. Plant Cell 2003, 15, 63–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Perochon, A.; Aldon, D.; Galaud, J.P.; Ranty, B. Calmodulin and calmodulin-like proteins in plant calcium signaling. Biochimie 2011, 93, 2048–2053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Zhang, Y.; Huang, J.; Hou, Q.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J.; Deng, S. Isolation and functional characterization of a salt-responsive calmodulin-like gene MpCML40 from semi- mangrove Millettia pinnata. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Shen, L.; Yang, S.; Guan, D.; He, S. CaCML13 acts positively in pepper immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum infection forming feedback loop with CabZIP63. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Jamra, J.G.; Agarwal, A.; Singh, N.; Sanyal, S.K.; Kumar, A.; Pandey, G.K. Ectopic expression of finger millet calmodulin confers drought and salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Rep. 2021, 40, 2205–2223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Jung, H.; Chung, P.J.; Park, S.H.; Redillas, M.C.F.R.; Kim, Y.S.; Suh, J.W.; Kim, J.K. Overexpression of OsERF48 causes regulation of OsCML16, a calmodulin-like protein gene that enhances root growth and drought tolerance. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2017, 15, 1295–1308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Chen, C.; Sun, X.; Duanmu, H.; Zhu, D.; Yu, Y.; Cao, L.; Liu, A.; Jia, B.; Xiao, J.; Zhu, Y. GsCML27, a gene encoding a calcium-binding ef-hand protein from Glycine soja, plays differential roles in plant responses to bicarbonate, salt and osmotic stresses. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0141888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Wu, X.; Qiao, Z.; Liu, H.; Acharya, B.R.; Li, C.; Zhang, W. CML20, an Arabidopsis calmodulin-like protein, negatively regulates guard cell ABA signalling and drought stress tolerance. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Li, S.; Liu, S.; Zhang, Q.; Cui, M.; Zhao, M.; Li, N.; Wang, S.; Wu, R.; Zhang, L.; Cao, Y.; et al. The interaction of ABA and ROS in plant growth and stress resistances. Front Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 1050132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Sharma, P.; Jha, A.B.; Dubey, R.S.; Pessarakli, M. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J. Bot. 2012, 2012, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Gill, S.S.; Tuteja, N. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2010, 48, 909–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Ma, Y.; Cao, J.; Chen, Q.; He, J.; Liu, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, X.; Yang, Y. The kinase CIPK11 functions as a negative regulator in drought stress response in Arabidopsis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Zeng, J.; Wu, C.; Ye, X.; Zhou, J.; Chen, Y.; Li, L.; Lin, M.; Wang, S.; Liu, S.; Yan, Y.; et al. MePP2C24, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) gene encoding protein phosphatase 2C, negatively regulates drought stress and abscisic acid responses in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2024, 206, 108291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Zhang, L.; Zhang, R.; Ye, X.; Zheng, X.; Tan, B.; Wang, W.; Li, Z.; Li, J.; Cheng, J.; Feng, J. Overexpressing VvWRKY18 from grapevine reduces the drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by increasing leaf stomatal density. J. Plant Physiol. 2022, 275, 153741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. Mustilli, A.C.; Merlot, S.; Vavasseur, A.; Fenzi, F.; Giraudat, J. Arabidopsis OST1 protein kinase mediates the regulation of stomatal aperture by abscisic acid and acts upstream of reactive oxygen species production. Plant Cell 2002, 14, 3089–3099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Kimura, S.; Kaya, H.; Kawarazaki, T.; Hiraoka, G.; Senzaki, E.; Michikawa, M.; Kuchitsu, K. Protein phosphorylation is a prerequisite for the Ca2+-dependent activation of Arabidopsis NADPH oxidases and may function as a trigger for the positive feedback regulation of Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species. Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta 2012, 1823, 398–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Ravi, B.; Foyer, C.H.; Pandey, G.K. The integration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium signalling in abiotic stress responses. Plant Cell Environ. 2023, 46, 1985–2006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Dar, N.A.; Amin, I.; Wani, W.; Wani, S.A.; Shikari, A.B.; Wani, S.H.; Masoodi, K. Z Abscisic acid: A key regulator of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Gene 2017, 11, 106–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Yoshida, T.; Mogami, J.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling in response to osmotic stress in plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2014, 21, 133–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Liu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Tang, C.; Shen, Q.; Fu, J.; Wang, Q. Maize transcription factor ZmHsf28 positively regulates plant drought tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Liu, Y.; Wang, L.; Jiang, S.; Pan, J.; Cai, G.; Li, D. Group 5 LEA protein, ZmLEA5C, enhance tolerance to osmotic and low temperature stresses in transgenic tobacco and yeast. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2014, 84, 22–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Kokkirala, V.R.; Yonggang, P.; Abbagani, S.; Zhu, Z.; Umate, P. Subcellular localization of proteins of Oryza sativa L. in the model tobacco and tomato plants. Plant Signal. Behav. 2010, 5, 1336–1341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  60. Yoo, S.D.; Cho, Y.H.; Sheen, J. Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: A versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis. Nat. Protoc. 2007, 2, 1565–1572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Clough, S.J.; Bent, A.F. Floral dip: A simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 1998, 16, 735–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. Bates, L.S.; Waldren, R.P.; Teare, I.D. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 1973, 39, 205–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Draper, H.H.; Hadley, M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1990, 186, 421–431. [Google Scholar]
  64. Giannopolitis, C.N.; Ries, S.K. Superoxide dismutases: I. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiol. 1977, 59, 309–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Maehly, A.C. The assay of catalases and peroxidases. Methods Biochem. Anal. 1954, 1, 357–424. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
Ijms 26 02156 g001
Figure 1. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of ZmCaM2-1. (a) Alignment of amino acid sequences of ZmCaM2-1. The EF-hand domains are indicated by boxes. (b) Phylogenetic analysis of ZmCaM2-1 protein. The accession numbers are as follows: AtCaM1 (AT5G37780.1), AtCaM2 (AT2G41110.1), AtCaM3 (AT3G56800.1), AtCaM4 (AT1G66410.1), AtCaM5 (AT2G27030.1), AtCaM6 (AT5G21274.1), AtCaM7 (AT3G43810.1), OsCaM1 (LOC_Os03g20370.1), OsCaM1-2 (LOC_Os07g48780.1), OsCaM1-3 (LOC_Os01g16240.1), OsCaM2 (LOC_Os05g41210.1), OsCaM3 (LOC_Os01g17190.1), MdCaM5 (MD03G1163500), MdCaM7 (MD12G1111300), SbCaM2 (Sobic.001G390300.1), SbCaM5 (Sobic.003G125650.1), ZmCaM1 (Zm00001d028948), ZmCaM3 (Zm00001d038543), ZmCaM4 (Zm00001d038545), ZmCaM5 (Zm00001d022546). The different background colors represent the similar degree of amino acid sequences. Blue: the similar degree of amino acid sequences is equal to 100%. Pink: the similar degree of amino acid sequences is less than 100% and greater than or equal 75%. White: the similar degree of amino acid sequences is greater than 50%. The red dot indicates the ZmCaM2-1 gene (Zm00001d040323).
Figure 1. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of ZmCaM2-1. (a) Alignment of amino acid sequences of ZmCaM2-1. The EF-hand domains are indicated by boxes. (b) Phylogenetic analysis of ZmCaM2-1 protein. The accession numbers are as follows: AtCaM1 (AT5G37780.1), AtCaM2 (AT2G41110.1), AtCaM3 (AT3G56800.1), AtCaM4 (AT1G66410.1), AtCaM5 (AT2G27030.1), AtCaM6 (AT5G21274.1), AtCaM7 (AT3G43810.1), OsCaM1 (LOC_Os03g20370.1), OsCaM1-2 (LOC_Os07g48780.1), OsCaM1-3 (LOC_Os01g16240.1), OsCaM2 (LOC_Os05g41210.1), OsCaM3 (LOC_Os01g17190.1), MdCaM5 (MD03G1163500), MdCaM7 (MD12G1111300), SbCaM2 (Sobic.001G390300.1), SbCaM5 (Sobic.003G125650.1), ZmCaM1 (Zm00001d028948), ZmCaM3 (Zm00001d038543), ZmCaM4 (Zm00001d038545), ZmCaM5 (Zm00001d022546). The different background colors represent the similar degree of amino acid sequences. Blue: the similar degree of amino acid sequences is equal to 100%. Pink: the similar degree of amino acid sequences is less than 100% and greater than or equal 75%. White: the similar degree of amino acid sequences is greater than 50%. The red dot indicates the ZmCaM2-1 gene (Zm00001d040323).
Ijms 26 02156 g001
Ijms 26 02156 g002
Figure 2. The relative expression levels of ZmCaM2-1 under various treatments: (a) 20% PEG6000 treatment, (b) 250 mM NaCl treatment, (c) 50 μM ABA treatment, and (d) low-temperature treatment (4 °C). The relative expression levels were analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCT method. The significance analysis compared with 0 h was performed using one-way ANOVA (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Figure 2. The relative expression levels of ZmCaM2-1 under various treatments: (a) 20% PEG6000 treatment, (b) 250 mM NaCl treatment, (c) 50 μM ABA treatment, and (d) low-temperature treatment (4 °C). The relative expression levels were analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCT method. The significance analysis compared with 0 h was performed using one-way ANOVA (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Ijms 26 02156 g002
Ijms 26 02156 g003
Figure 3. Subcellular location of ZmCaM2-1-GFP in the plant cell. (a) ZmCaM2-1-GFP was expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. GFP alone was used as a control. Bar = 25 μm. (b) ZmCaM2-1-GFP was expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts. GFP alone was used as a control. Nuclear (staining with DAPI) and the membrane (staining with FM4-64) fluorescent signals are labeled blue and red, respectively. Bar = 10 μm.
Figure 3. Subcellular location of ZmCaM2-1-GFP in the plant cell. (a) ZmCaM2-1-GFP was expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. GFP alone was used as a control. Bar = 25 μm. (b) ZmCaM2-1-GFP was expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts. GFP alone was used as a control. Nuclear (staining with DAPI) and the membrane (staining with FM4-64) fluorescent signals are labeled blue and red, respectively. Bar = 10 μm.
Ijms 26 02156 g003
Ijms 26 02156 g004
Figure 4. The SDS-PAGE mobility shift assay demonstrates that ZmCaM2-1 can bind to Ca2+. (a) Different concentrations of CaCl2 (1 mM, 10 mM, and 40 mM) or 3 mM EGTA were added to the purified ZmCaM2-1-His protein. (b) Amounts of 1 mM CaCl2 or 3 mM EGTA were added to the different concentrations of ZmCaM2-1-His protein (1 μg, 2 μg, 4 μg). The (+) and (−) indicate the presence and absence, respectively.
Figure 4. The SDS-PAGE mobility shift assay demonstrates that ZmCaM2-1 can bind to Ca2+. (a) Different concentrations of CaCl2 (1 mM, 10 mM, and 40 mM) or 3 mM EGTA were added to the purified ZmCaM2-1-His protein. (b) Amounts of 1 mM CaCl2 or 3 mM EGTA were added to the different concentrations of ZmCaM2-1-His protein (1 μg, 2 μg, 4 μg). The (+) and (−) indicate the presence and absence, respectively.
Ijms 26 02156 g004
Ijms 26 02156 g005
Figure 5. ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines displayed inhibited root length and leaf expansion rate under 200 mM and 300 mM mannitol treatments, respectively. (a) Phenotype of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines (OE1 and OE2) and wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis (Columbia) seedlings’ root length under normal growth conditions (1/2 MS), and under 200 mM or 300 mM mannitol treatment. Scale bars = 1 cm. (b) Phenotype of leaf expansion rate in OE1, OE2, and WT under normal growth conditions, and under 200 mM or 300 mM mannitol treatment, respectively. (c) Root lengths of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines and WT were analyzed under 200 mM or 300 mM mannitol treatment. (d) Leaf expansion rates of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines and WT were analyzed under 200 mM or 300 mM mannitol treatment. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using two-way ANOVA (different lowercase letters indicate a difference at the 0.01 level p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Figure 5. ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines displayed inhibited root length and leaf expansion rate under 200 mM and 300 mM mannitol treatments, respectively. (a) Phenotype of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines (OE1 and OE2) and wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis (Columbia) seedlings’ root length under normal growth conditions (1/2 MS), and under 200 mM or 300 mM mannitol treatment. Scale bars = 1 cm. (b) Phenotype of leaf expansion rate in OE1, OE2, and WT under normal growth conditions, and under 200 mM or 300 mM mannitol treatment, respectively. (c) Root lengths of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines and WT were analyzed under 200 mM or 300 mM mannitol treatment. (d) Leaf expansion rates of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines and WT were analyzed under 200 mM or 300 mM mannitol treatment. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using two-way ANOVA (different lowercase letters indicate a difference at the 0.01 level p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Ijms 26 02156 g005
Ijms 26 02156 g006
Figure 6. ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines show decreased tolerance to drought stress. (a) The three-week-old plants were subjected to drought treatment by withholding water for 14 d, and then re-watering for 3 d. (b) The survival rate was analyzed by re-watering for 3 d. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using one-way ANOVA (** p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was repeated three times with similar results.
Figure 6. ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines show decreased tolerance to drought stress. (a) The three-week-old plants were subjected to drought treatment by withholding water for 14 d, and then re-watering for 3 d. (b) The survival rate was analyzed by re-watering for 3 d. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using one-way ANOVA (** p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was repeated three times with similar results.
Ijms 26 02156 g006
Ijms 26 02156 g007
Figure 7. The physiological indicators were measured in ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines after drought treatment for 14 d: (a) Pro content, (b) MDA content, (c) POD activity, (d) SOD activity, (e) ROS content. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using two-way ANOVA (** p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Figure 7. The physiological indicators were measured in ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines after drought treatment for 14 d: (a) Pro content, (b) MDA content, (c) POD activity, (d) SOD activity, (e) ROS content. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using two-way ANOVA (** p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Ijms 26 02156 g007
Ijms 26 02156 g008
Figure 8. Root length and leaf expansion rate showed no significant change in ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines under 0.5 μM and 0.8 μM ABA treatments, respectively. (a) Phenotype of root length in ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines (OE1 and OE2) and WT under normal 0 μM, 0.5 μM, or 0.8 μM ABA treatments. Scale bars = 1 cm. (b) Phenotype of leaf expansion rate in OE1, OE2, and WT under 0 μM, 0.5 μM, or 0.8 μM ABA treatments, respectively. (c) Root length of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines under ABA treatment. (d) Leaf expansion rate of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines under ABA treatment. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using two-way ANOVA (different lowercase letters indicate a difference at the 0.01 level p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Figure 8. Root length and leaf expansion rate showed no significant change in ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines under 0.5 μM and 0.8 μM ABA treatments, respectively. (a) Phenotype of root length in ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines (OE1 and OE2) and WT under normal 0 μM, 0.5 μM, or 0.8 μM ABA treatments. Scale bars = 1 cm. (b) Phenotype of leaf expansion rate in OE1, OE2, and WT under 0 μM, 0.5 μM, or 0.8 μM ABA treatments, respectively. (c) Root length of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines under ABA treatment. (d) Leaf expansion rate of ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines under ABA treatment. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using two-way ANOVA (different lowercase letters indicate a difference at the 0.01 level p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Ijms 26 02156 g008
Ijms 26 02156 g009
Figure 9. The relative expression levels of the drought-stress-responsive and ABA-responsive genes were analyzed in WT and ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines, including (a) RAB18 (At5g66400), (b) COR47 (At1g20440), (c) MYB2 (At2g47190), (d) ERD10 (At1g20450), (e) RD29A (At5g52310). The expression of ABA-responsive genes (a–d) was analyzed in WT and ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines by exposure to 0.8 µM ABA for 12 h. The expression of the drought-stress-responsive gene (e) was analyzed by drought stress treatment for 24 h. The relative expression levels were analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCT method. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using two-way ANOVA (** p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Figure 9. The relative expression levels of the drought-stress-responsive and ABA-responsive genes were analyzed in WT and ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines, including (a) RAB18 (At5g66400), (b) COR47 (At1g20440), (c) MYB2 (At2g47190), (d) ERD10 (At1g20450), (e) RD29A (At5g52310). The expression of ABA-responsive genes (a–d) was analyzed in WT and ZmCaM2-1-overexpressing lines by exposure to 0.8 µM ABA for 12 h. The expression of the drought-stress-responsive gene (e) was analyzed by drought stress treatment for 24 h. The relative expression levels were analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCT method. The significance analysis compared with WT was performed using two-way ANOVA (** p < 0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean. The experiment was performed using three biological replicates.
Ijms 26 02156 g009
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wu, Z.; Liu, M.; Wang, H.; Li, M.; Liu, X.; Zang, Z.; Jiang, L. ZmCaM2-1, a Calmodulin Gene, Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis Through the ABA-Independent Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052156

AMA Style

Wu Z, Liu M, Wang H, Li M, Liu X, Zang Z, Jiang L. ZmCaM2-1, a Calmodulin Gene, Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis Through the ABA-Independent Pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(5):2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052156

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Zhiqiang, Meiyi Liu, Hanqiao Wang, Mingrui Li, Xiaoyue Liu, Zhenyuan Zang, and Liangyu Jiang. 2025. "ZmCaM2-1, a Calmodulin Gene, Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis Through the ABA-Independent Pathway" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 5: 2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052156

APA Style

Wu, Z., Liu, M., Wang, H., Li, M., Liu, X., Zang, Z., & Jiang, L. (2025). ZmCaM2-1, a Calmodulin Gene, Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis Through the ABA-Independent Pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(5), 2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052156

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop