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12 December 2025

When Mitochondria Falter, the Barrier Fails: Mechanisms of Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier (iBRB) Injury and Opportunities for Mitochondria-Targeted Repair

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1
Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
2
The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
This article belongs to the Section Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism

Abstract

As the central hub of retinal metabolism, mitochondria are vital for sustaining the integrity of the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB), which is fundamental to retinal homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction accelerates severe iBRB disruption, a process which is increasingly implicated in a cascade of mitochondrial pathologies including mitochondrial DNA destabilization, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis disruption, mitochondrial autophagy deficiency, and dysregulated dynamic regulation. This review establishes the iBRB as a crossroads for metabolic, redox, and inflammatory signaling. By analyzing evidence from diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion models, we clarify how mitochondrial decline translates local energy deficiency into chronic barrier dysfunction. We posit that restoring mitochondrial function is indispensable for vascular resilience and regeneration, a conclusion drawn from integrating molecular, cellular, and translational findings. To advance mitochondrial discoveries into clinical practice, subsequent studies must prioritize achieving spatiotemporally controlled, cell-type-specific interventions with robust in vivo efficacy, thereby successfully translating mitochondrial science into clinical vascular medicine.

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