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Volume 26
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10.3390/ijms262311366
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Activities and Gene Expression Patterns of Different GST Classes in Musca domestica L. Depending on Sex and Stage of Development

by
Vladislava Garbaly
,
Kseniya Krestonoshina
,
Anna Kinareikina
,
Svetlana Bobreshova
,
Anastasiya Avdeeva
,
Juliya Ismagilova
,
Ivan Zaitsev
and
Elena Silivanova
*
All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology—Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA—Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS), Institutskaya St. 2, Tyumen 625041, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311366 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 September 2025 / Revised: 5 November 2025 / Accepted: 21 November 2025 / Published: 24 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Ecology, Physiology and Biochemistry of Insects, 5th Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Insecticide resistance in insects poses a serious problem in population control of arthropod vectors and spreaders of human and animal diseases. Metabolic resistance to insecticides is facilitated by detoxification system enzymes, including glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) involved in phase II of xenobiotic biotransformation. The aim of this study was to analyze the glutathione-S-transferase activity and the expression level of different class GST genes in Musca domestica. The test subjects were larvae and 3–5-day-old adults of a laboratory susceptible strain (LabTY) and a field deltamethrin-tolerant population (Nik). Based on the LC50 values, the Nik strain showed sensitivity to chlorpyrifos and chlorfenapyr and tolerance to deltamethrin with a remarkable increase in the level of resistance in males compared to females. Expression analysis of eight GST genes revealed that the expression of the GST-E12 gene (Epsilon class) was significantly elevated and the GST-S1 gene (Sigma class) was significantly decreased in the Nik strain across all groups (larvae, females, and males), with the most pronounced difference in females. A pronounced sexual dimorphism was observed: the expression of most GST genes was significantly higher in males than in females in both strains. For the first time, a consistent male-specific overexpression of multiple GST genes has been demonstrated in M. domestica.
Keywords: insecticide resistance; detoxification enzyme; gene expression; house flies; sex; stage of development insecticide resistance; detoxification enzyme; gene expression; house flies; sex; stage of development

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MDPI and ACS Style

Garbaly, V.; Krestonoshina, K.; Kinareikina, A.; Bobreshova, S.; Avdeeva, A.; Ismagilova, J.; Zaitsev, I.; Silivanova, E. Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Activities and Gene Expression Patterns of Different GST Classes in Musca domestica L. Depending on Sex and Stage of Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 11366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311366

AMA Style

Garbaly V, Krestonoshina K, Kinareikina A, Bobreshova S, Avdeeva A, Ismagilova J, Zaitsev I, Silivanova E. Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Activities and Gene Expression Patterns of Different GST Classes in Musca domestica L. Depending on Sex and Stage of Development. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(23):11366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311366

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garbaly, Vladislava, Kseniya Krestonoshina, Anna Kinareikina, Svetlana Bobreshova, Anastasiya Avdeeva, Juliya Ismagilova, Ivan Zaitsev, and Elena Silivanova. 2025. "Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Activities and Gene Expression Patterns of Different GST Classes in Musca domestica L. Depending on Sex and Stage of Development" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 23: 11366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311366

APA Style

Garbaly, V., Krestonoshina, K., Kinareikina, A., Bobreshova, S., Avdeeva, A., Ismagilova, J., Zaitsev, I., & Silivanova, E. (2025). Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Activities and Gene Expression Patterns of Different GST Classes in Musca domestica L. Depending on Sex and Stage of Development. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(23), 11366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311366

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