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Volume 26
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10.3390/ijms262311326
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Preventive Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Rats via Modulation of Microglial Differentiation: An Experimental Animal Study

by
Seung-Wan Hong
1,
Liyun Piao
2,
Eun-Hwa Cho
2,
Eun-Hye Seo
3 and
Seong-Hyop Kim
1,2,4,*
1
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Infection and Immunology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
3
Korea mRNA Vaccine Initiative, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon 13120, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11326; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311326 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 October 2025 / Revised: 9 November 2025 / Accepted: 18 November 2025 / Published: 23 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a flavonoid, on postoperative cognitive dysfunction by modulating microglial phenotype expression in aged rats following general anesthesia with isoflurane. Eighteen-month-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the EGCG and control groups. EGCG in distilled water (DW) or DW alone was administered orally for 7 days before anesthesia. After anesthesia, cognitive function was assessed using the Y-maze test, and neuronal damage was evaluated histologically. Microglial activation and phenotype differentiation were also analyzed. At 24 h after anesthesia, the alternation ratio was significantly higher in the EGCG group than in the control group (70.00 ± 7.98% vs. 28.14 ± 11.52%, p < 0.001). The EGCG group exhibited reduced neuronal damage and microglial activation. Additionally, M1 phenotype activation was significantly lower (30.03 ± 7.73% vs. 51.00 ± 9.83%, p < 0.001), and M2 phenotype activation was significantly higher (17.61 ± 5.52% vs. 5.99 ± 2.46%, p < 0.001) in the EGCG group than in the control group. In summary, pre-anesthetic administration of EGCG modulated microglial phenotype differentiation, reduced neuronal damage, and improved postoperative cognitive function in aged rats following general anesthesia.
Keywords: flavonoid; postoperative cognitive dysfunction; microglia; general anesthesia; neuroinflammation flavonoid; postoperative cognitive dysfunction; microglia; general anesthesia; neuroinflammation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hong, S.-W.; Piao, L.; Cho, E.-H.; Seo, E.-H.; Kim, S.-H. Preventive Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Rats via Modulation of Microglial Differentiation: An Experimental Animal Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 11326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311326

AMA Style

Hong S-W, Piao L, Cho E-H, Seo E-H, Kim S-H. Preventive Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Rats via Modulation of Microglial Differentiation: An Experimental Animal Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(23):11326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311326

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hong, Seung-Wan, Liyun Piao, Eun-Hwa Cho, Eun-Hye Seo, and Seong-Hyop Kim. 2025. "Preventive Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Rats via Modulation of Microglial Differentiation: An Experimental Animal Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 23: 11326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311326

APA Style

Hong, S.-W., Piao, L., Cho, E.-H., Seo, E.-H., & Kim, S.-H. (2025). Preventive Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Rats via Modulation of Microglial Differentiation: An Experimental Animal Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(23), 11326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311326

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