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Volume 26
Issue 21
10.3390/ijms262110368
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Advancements in Sonication-Based Extraction Techniques for Ovarian Follicular Fluid Analysis: Implications for Infertility Diagnostics and Assisted Reproductive Technologies

by
Eugen Dan Chicea
1,2,
Radu Chicea
2,3,
Dumitru Alin Teacoe
2,3,
Liana Maria Chicea
2,3,*,
Ioana Andrada Radu
2,3,
Dan Chicea
4,
Marius Alexandru Moga
5 and
Victor Tudor
2,3
1
Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania
2
Clinical County Emergency Hospital Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania
3
Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
4
Research Center for Complex Physical Systems, Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania
5
Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10368; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110368 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 8 September 2025 / Revised: 15 October 2025 / Accepted: 21 October 2025 / Published: 24 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring New Field in Hydrocolloids Research and Applications)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Ovarian follicular fluid (FF) is a metabolically active and biomarker-rich medium that mirrors the oocyte microenvironment. Its analysis is increasingly recognized in infertility diagnostics and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for assessing oocyte competence, understanding reproductive disorders, and guiding personalized treatment. However, FF’s high viscosity, complex composition, and biochemical variability challenge reproducibility in sample preparation and molecular profiling. Sonication-based extraction has emerged as an effective approach to address these issues. By exploiting acoustic cavitation, sonication improves protein solubilization, metabolite release, and lipid recovery, while reducing solvent use and processing time. This review synthesizes recent advances in sonication-assisted FF analysis across proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics, emphasizing parameter optimization, integration with advanced mass spectrometry workflows, and emerging applications in microfluidics, automation, and point-of-care devices. Clinical implications are discussed in the context of enhanced biomarker discovery pipelines, real-time oocyte selection, and ART outcome prediction. Key challenges, such as preventing biomolecule degradation, standardizing protocols, and achieving inter-laboratory reproducibility, are addressed alongside regulatory considerations. Future directions highlight the potential of combining sonication with multi-omics strategies and AI-driven analytics, paving the way for high-throughput, standardized, and clinically actionable FF analysis to advance precision reproductive medicine.
Keywords: follicular fluid; sonication; proteomics; metabolomics; lipidomics; assisted reproductive technology; biomarker discovery; infertility diagnostics; multi-omics; microfluidics follicular fluid; sonication; proteomics; metabolomics; lipidomics; assisted reproductive technology; biomarker discovery; infertility diagnostics; multi-omics; microfluidics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chicea, E.D.; Chicea, R.; Teacoe, D.A.; Chicea, L.M.; Radu, I.A.; Chicea, D.; Moga, M.A.; Tudor, V. Advancements in Sonication-Based Extraction Techniques for Ovarian Follicular Fluid Analysis: Implications for Infertility Diagnostics and Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 10368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110368

AMA Style

Chicea ED, Chicea R, Teacoe DA, Chicea LM, Radu IA, Chicea D, Moga MA, Tudor V. Advancements in Sonication-Based Extraction Techniques for Ovarian Follicular Fluid Analysis: Implications for Infertility Diagnostics and Assisted Reproductive Technologies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(21):10368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110368

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chicea, Eugen Dan, Radu Chicea, Dumitru Alin Teacoe, Liana Maria Chicea, Ioana Andrada Radu, Dan Chicea, Marius Alexandru Moga, and Victor Tudor. 2025. "Advancements in Sonication-Based Extraction Techniques for Ovarian Follicular Fluid Analysis: Implications for Infertility Diagnostics and Assisted Reproductive Technologies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 21: 10368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110368

APA Style

Chicea, E. D., Chicea, R., Teacoe, D. A., Chicea, L. M., Radu, I. A., Chicea, D., Moga, M. A., & Tudor, V. (2025). Advancements in Sonication-Based Extraction Techniques for Ovarian Follicular Fluid Analysis: Implications for Infertility Diagnostics and Assisted Reproductive Technologies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(21), 10368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110368

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