Toxic Threats from the Fern Pteridium aquilinum: A Multidisciplinary Case Study in Northern Spain
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Quantification of Toxic Metabolites in Croziers Samples
2.2. Genotoxicity Analysis of Aqueous Plant Extracts
2.3. Relationships Between Pterosin Levels and Genotoxic Activities
2.4. Results of Farmer Surveys
2.5. Implementing a Tool to Map Bracken
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling Sites and Pteridium Plant Collection
4.2. Metabolite Analysis: Determination of Pterosins in Croziers from Bracken
4.3. Genotoxicity Analysis: SMART Assay
4.4. Surveys Obtained from Farmers
4.5. Implementing a Tool to Map Bracken
4.6. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical | μgL−1 Min | μgL−1 Max | R2 | LOD (μgL−1) | LOQ (μgL−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PtrB | 5 | 160 | 0.998 | 2.5 | 5 |
PtrA | 0.75 | 80 | 0.994 | 0.046 | 0.37 |
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Sierra, L.M.; Feito, I.; Rodríguez, M.L.; Velázquez, A.; Cué, A.; San-Juan-Guardado, J.; Martín, M.; López, D.; Peña, A.E.; Canga, E.; et al. Toxic Threats from the Fern Pteridium aquilinum: A Multidisciplinary Case Study in Northern Spain. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 7157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157157
Sierra LM, Feito I, Rodríguez ML, Velázquez A, Cué A, San-Juan-Guardado J, Martín M, López D, Peña AE, Canga E, et al. Toxic Threats from the Fern Pteridium aquilinum: A Multidisciplinary Case Study in Northern Spain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(15):7157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157157
Chicago/Turabian StyleSierra, L. María, Isabel Feito, Mª Lucía Rodríguez, Ana Velázquez, Alejandra Cué, Jaime San-Juan-Guardado, Marta Martín, Darío López, Alexis E. Peña, Elena Canga, and et al. 2025. "Toxic Threats from the Fern Pteridium aquilinum: A Multidisciplinary Case Study in Northern Spain" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 15: 7157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157157
APA StyleSierra, L. M., Feito, I., Rodríguez, M. L., Velázquez, A., Cué, A., San-Juan-Guardado, J., Martín, M., López, D., Peña, A. E., Canga, E., Ramos, G., Majada, J., Alvarez, J. M., & Fernández, H. (2025). Toxic Threats from the Fern Pteridium aquilinum: A Multidisciplinary Case Study in Northern Spain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(15), 7157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157157