Synergistic Effect of Nilavembu Choornam–Gold Nanoparticles on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Susceptibility and Contact Lens Contamination-Associated Infectious Pathogenicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Determination of Bacterial Infection and Biofilm Formation in Contact Lenses
2.2. Antibacterial Growth Inhibition of Nilavembu Choornam Decoction (NCt)
2.3. Synthesis of NC–GNPs
2.4. Characterization of Synthesized NC–GNPs
2.5. Growth Inhibition of NC–GNPs in Antibiotic Resistance Bacterial Strains
2.6. Ultrastructural and Cellular Degeneration of NC–GNPs
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Bacterial Strains and Contact Lenses
4.3. Biofilm Formation and Quantification
4.4. Assessment of Bacterial Infection in Bovine Cornea and Corneal Epithelial Cells
4.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
4.6. Preparation and Synthesis of Nilavembu Choornam Extracts (NCt) and NC–GNPs
4.7. Characterization of NC–GNPs
4.8. Antimicrobial Sustainability Assay
4.9. Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No. | Botanical Name | Active Phytochemicals |
---|---|---|
1. | Andrographis paniculata | Andrographolide, neoandrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, 14-deoxy-12-hydroxy andrographolide, isoandrographolide, andrograpanin β-sitosterol and stigmasterol |
2. | Chrysopogon zizanioides L. | Khusimol, α-vetivone, β-vetivone, zizanal, epizizanal, and nootkatone |
3. | Santalum album L. | α-Santalol, sandalore, β-santalol, (+)-α-santalene, and isobornyl cyclohexanol |
4. | Zingiber officinale R. | Gingerols, shogaols, paradols, quercetin, zingerone, gingerenone-A, 6-dehydrogingerdione β-bisabolene, α-curcumene, zingiberene, α-farnesene, and β-sesquiphellandrene |
5. | Piper nigrum L. | Piperine, sarmentosine, piperamide, piperamine, trichosta, sarmentine, and chavicine |
6. | Cyperus rotundus L. | Patchoulenone, isopatchoulenone, sugenoyl acetate, sugetriol triacetate, sugeibol, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin |
7. | Mollugo cerviana L. | C-glycolsyl flavonoids-Orientin and Vitexin |
8. | Plectranthus vettiveroides | Androstan-17-one-3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-(5α)-spathulenol, α-bisabolol, Z-valerenyl acetate, megastigma-4,6(E), and 8(Z)-triene |
9. | Trichosanthes cucumerina L. | Cucurbitacin B, E, isocucurbitacin, 23,24-dihydroisocucurbitacin B, E, lycopene, and ascorbic acid |
S. No. | Botanical Name | Local Name (English) | Plant Parts |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees | King of bitters | Whole plant |
2. | Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty | Perennial bunchgrass | Root |
3. | Santalum album L. | Sandalwood | Bark |
4. | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Dry Ginger | Rhizome |
5. | Piper nigrum L. | Black pepper | Fruit |
6. | Cyperus rotundus L. | Purple nutsedge | Root tuber |
7. | Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. | Threadstem carpetweed | Whole plant |
8. | Plectranthus vettiveroides (Jacob) | Coleus vettiveroides root | Root |
9. | Trichosanthes cucumerina L. | Snake gourd | Whole plant |
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Almutleb, E.S.; Ramachandran, S.; Khan, A.A.; El-Hiti, G.A.; Alanazi, S.A. Synergistic Effect of Nilavembu Choornam–Gold Nanoparticles on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Susceptibility and Contact Lens Contamination-Associated Infectious Pathogenicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042115
Almutleb ES, Ramachandran S, Khan AA, El-Hiti GA, Alanazi SA. Synergistic Effect of Nilavembu Choornam–Gold Nanoparticles on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Susceptibility and Contact Lens Contamination-Associated Infectious Pathogenicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(4):2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042115
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmutleb, Essam S., Samivel Ramachandran, Adnan A. Khan, Gamal A. El-Hiti, and Saud A. Alanazi. 2024. "Synergistic Effect of Nilavembu Choornam–Gold Nanoparticles on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Susceptibility and Contact Lens Contamination-Associated Infectious Pathogenicity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 4: 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042115