An Innovative Approach to a Potential Neuroprotective Sideritis scardica-Clinoptilolite Phyto-Nanocarrier: In Vitro Investigation and Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Screening of Amino Acid from Sideritis Scardica Sample
2.2. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Sideritis Scardica Sample
2.3. Screening and Classification of the Differential Metabolites
2.4. Phyto-Nanocarrier System
2.4.1. FT-IR Spectroscopy
2.4.2. X-ray-Diffraction Spectroscopy
2.4.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.4.4. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX)
2.5. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
2.6. Thermal Behaviour Study
2.7. Screening of Antioxidant Activity and Total Polyphenolic Contents
2.7.1. Total Polyphenolic Contents (TPCs) Assay—Folin Ciocalteu
2.7.2. Phosphomolybdate Assay (Total Antioxidant Capacity)
2.7.3. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) Free-Radical-Scavenging Assay
2.8. In Vitro Dissolution Assay
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and materials
3.2. Plant Samples’ Preparation for Chemical Screening
3.2.1. GC-MS Analysis (EZ: Faast GC-MS Free Amino Acids Kit)
GC-MS Separation Conditions
3.2.2. Mass Spectrometry
3.3. SZ Phyto-Nanocarrier
3.4. Characterization of Phyto-Nanocarrier and Its Components
3.4.1. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
3.4.2. XRD Spectroscopy
3.4.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.4.4. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Particle Size Distribution Analysis
3.5. Thermal Analysis
3.6. Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content
3.6.1. Total Polyphenol Content Using the Folin–Ciocalteu Method
3.6.2. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
3.6.3. Phosphomolybdate Assay (Total Antioxidant Capacity)
3.7. In Vitro Dissolution Test
Preparation of the Curves of the Concentrations for the Compound Dissolution Profile
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Proposed Structure | Abbreviation | SIM (Selected Ion Monitoring) |
---|---|---|
alanine | Ala | 130, 70 |
glycine | Gly | 116, 74 |
leucine | Leu | 172, 86 |
isoleucine | Ile | 172, 130 |
threonine | Thr | 160, 101 |
serine | Ser | 146, 203 |
proline | Pro | 156, 243 |
asparagine | Asn | 155, 69 |
aspartic acid | Asp | 216, 130 |
methionine | Met | 203, 277 |
phenylalanine | Phe | 206, 190 |
glutamic acid | Glu | 230, 170 |
lysine | Lys | 170, 128 |
histidine | His | 282, 168 |
No | Detected m/z | Theoretic m/z | Formula | Tentative of Identification | Category | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 76.08 | 75.07 | C2H5NO2 | glycine | amino acids | [37,38,51] |
2 | 90.11 | 89.09 | C3H7NO2 | alanine | [37] | |
3 | 106.07 | 105.09 | C3H7NO3 | serine | [37] | |
4 | 116.11 | 115.13 | C5H9NO2 | proline | [37] | |
5 | 120.13 | 119.12 | C4H9NO3 | threonine | [37] | |
6 | 132.15 | 131.17 | C6H13NO2 | isoleucine | [37] | |
7 | 133.13 | 132.12 | C4H8N2O3 | asparagine | [37] | |
8 | 134.11 | 133.10 | C4H7NO4 | aspartic acid | [37] | |
9 | 147.18 | 146.19 | C6H14N2O2 | lysine | [37,38,51] | |
10 | 148.14 | 147.13 | C5H9NO4 | glutamic acid | [37] | |
11 | 149.23 | 149.21 | C5H11NO2S | methionine | [37,38,51] | |
12 | 156.17 | 155.15 | C6H9N3O2 | histidine | [37,38,51] | |
13 | 166.17 | 165.19 | C9H11NO2 | phenylalanine | [37] | |
14 | 271.25 | 270.24 | C15H10O5 | apigenin | flavonoids | [5,45,46,48] |
15 | 285.27 | 284.26 | C16H12O5 | genkwanin | [41] | |
16 | 287.23 | 286.24 | C15H10O6 | luteolin | [45,46,48] | |
17 | 301.27 | 300.26 | C16H12O6 | chrysoeriol | [5,45,48] | |
18 | 303.25 | 302.23 | C15H10O7 | hypolaetin | [48] | |
19 | 315.28 | 314.29 | C17H14O6 | cirsimaritin | [41,49] | |
20 | 317.25 | 316.26 | C16H12O7 | nepetin | [49] | |
21 | 329.28 | 328.30 | C18H16O6 | salvigenin | [49] | |
22 | 343.35 | 342.34 | C16H22O8 | coniferin | [41] | |
23 | 345.21 | 344.22 | C18H16O7 | eupatorin | [41] | |
24 | 651.61 | 650.60 | C30H34O16 | tremasperin | [41] | |
25 | 165.17 | 164.16 | C9H8O3 | p-coumaric acid | phenolic acids | [45] |
26 | 169.14 | 168.15 | C8H8O4 | vanillic acid | [45] | |
27 | 171.13 | 170.12 | C7H6O5 | gallic acid | [45] | |
28 | 181.15 | 180.16 | C9H8O4 | caffeic acid | [45] | |
29 | 193.15 | 192.17 | C7H12O6 | quinic acid | [48] | |
30 | 195.17 | 194.18 | C10H10O4 | ferulic acid | [45] | |
31 | 199.15 | 198.17 | C9H10O5 | syringic acid | [45] | |
32 | 355.33 | 354.31 | C16H18O9 | chlorogenic acid | [5,45] | |
33 | 135.21 | 134.22 | C10H14 | o-cymene | terpenoids | [42] |
34 | 137.24 | 136.23 | C10H16 | α-thujene | [43,44] | |
35 | 149.19 | 148.20 | C10H12O | anethone | [43] | |
36 | 151.21 | 150.22 | C10H14O | tymol | [43] | |
37 | 153.25 | 152.23 | C10H16O | camphor | [43] | |
38 | 154.25 | 154.25 | C10H18O | borneol | [43] | |
39 | 157.25 | 156.26 | C10H20O | menthol | [43] | |
40 | 191.27 | 190.28 | C13H18O | damascenone | [47] | |
41 | 193.31 | 192.30 | C13H20O | beta-damascone | [43] | |
42 | 199.31 | 198.30 | C15H18 | cadalene | [43] | |
43 | 202.34 | 202.33 | C15H22 | α-curcumene | [46] | |
44 | 205.35 | 204.35 | C15H24 | humulene | [43] | |
45 | 219.31 | 218.33 | C15H22O | germacrone | [48] | |
46 | 221.34 | 220.35 | C15H24O | spatulenol | [40,43] | |
47 | 223.36 | 222.37 | C15H26O | valeranone | [43] | |
48 | 297.49 | 296.50 | C20H40O | phytol | [43] | |
49 | 305.49 | 304.50 | C20H32O2 | sideridiol | [45] | |
50 | 321.49 | 320.50 | C20H32O3 | sideroxol | [45,48] | |
51 | 323.51 | 322.50 | C20H34O3 | andalusol | [49] | |
52 | 333.41 | 332.40 | C20H28O4 | carnosic acid | [41] | |
53 | 347.49 | 346.50 | C22H34O3 | siderol | [45,48] | |
54 | 363.51 | 362.50 | C22H34O4 | eubol | [45,48] | |
55 | 463.41 | 462.40 | C20H30O12 | forsythoside | phenylethanoid glycosides | [48] |
56 | 625.59 | 624.60 | C29H36O15 | verbascoside | [5] | |
57 | 639.58 | 638.60 | C30H38O15 | leucosceptoside A | [48,50] | |
58 | 653.58 | 652.60 | C31H40O15 | martynoside | [48,50] | |
59 | 669.62 | 668.60 | C31H40O16 | verbascoside | [48] | |
60 | 757.71 | 756.70 | C34H44O19 | lavandulifolioside | [48,50] | |
61 | 771.68 | 770.70 | C35H46O19 | alyssonoside | [48,50] | |
62 | 787.70 | 786.70 | C35H46O20 | echinacoside | [48,50] | |
63 | 375.33 | 374.34 | C16H22O10 | geniposidic acid | iridoids | [41] |
64 | 449.39 | 448.40 | C19H28O12 | barlerin | [41] | |
65 | 525.51 | 524.50 | C21H32O15 | melittoside | [42] | |
66 | 173.27 | 172.26 | C10H20O2 | capric acid | fatty acids | [43] |
67 | 201.33 | 200.32 | C12H24O2 | lauric acid | [43] | |
68 | 257.41 | 256.42 | C16H32O2 | palmitic acid | [43] | |
69 | 281.39 | 280.40 | C18H32O2 | linoleic acid | [43] | |
70 | 283.51 | 282.50 | C18H34O2 | oleic acid | [43,46] | |
71 | 401.69 | 400.70 | C28H48O | campesterol | sterols | [48] |
72 | 413.69 | 412.70 | C29H48O | stigmasterol | [48] | |
73 | 415.71 | 414.70 | C29H50O | β sitosterol | [48] | |
74 | 245.21 | 244.20 | C9H12N2O6 | uridine | nucleosides | [41] |
75 | 284.25 | 283.24 | C10H13N5O5 | guanisine | nucleosides | [41] |
76 | 103.15 | 102.17 | C6H14O | hexanol | alcohols | [40] |
77 | 129.19 | 128.21 | C8H16O | oct-1-en-3-ol | [40] | |
78 | 271.49 | 270.50 | C18H38O | 2-octadecanol | [43] | |
79 | 207.27 | 206.28 | C13H18O2 | hexylbenzoate | esters | [39] |
80 | 213.25 | 212.24 | C14H12O2 | benzylbenzoate | [39] | |
81 | 295.51 | 294.50 | C19H34O2 | methyl lineoleate | [43] | |
82 | 313.51 | 312.50 | C20H40O2 | stearyl acetate | [39] | |
83 | 143.27 | 142.28 | C10H22 | decane | hydrocarbons | [43] |
84 | 325.59 | 324.60 | C23H48 | tricosane | [43] | |
85 | 353.71 | 352.70 | C25H52 | pentacosane | [43] | |
86 | 121.17 | 120.15 | C8H8O | acetophenone | ketones | [40] |
87 | 165.25 | 164.24 | C11H16O | cis-jasmone | [46] | |
88 | 123.11 | 122.12 | C7H6O2 | benzoic acid | organic acids | [40] |
89 | 135.07 | 134.09 | C4H6O5 | malic acid | [41] | |
90 | 151.07 | 150.09 | C4H6O6 | tartaric acid | [41] | |
91 | 201.21 | 200.23 | C10H16O4 | camphoric acid | [42] |
Phytoconstituent | Wavenumber (cm−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|
terpenoids | 2940, 1745, 1700, 1650, 810 | [78,79] |
phenylethanoid glycosides | 3390, 2853, 2925, 1720, 1700, 1628, 1602, 1520, 1454,1385, 1280 | [80,81,82] |
fatty acids | 3600, 3020–3010, 2960, 2925, 2875, 2850, 2560, 1702, 1350, 1245, 724 | [83,84,85] |
flavonoids | 4000–3124, 3140–2980, 1655, 1644, 1620, 1585, 1496, 1465, 1415, 1370, 1275, 1080, 770, 535 | [86] |
phenolic acids | 1800–1650, 1730, 1640, 1625, 1518, 1440, 1412, 1365, 1310, 1260, 1165, 1090, 945, 805 | [79,87] |
iridoids | 1740–1458, 1377, 1221–914 | [88] |
phytosterols | 3425, 3350, 2935, 2832, 1752, 1642, 1465, 1385, 1190, 1065, 990, 950, 880, 741 | [89,90] |
amino acids | 3400; 3330–3130; 2985, 2360–2530, 2130; 1725–1755 1690, 1675, 1665, 1650, 1645, 1630, 1625, 1610, 1500–1600 | [91] |
nucleoside | 3350, 3105, 2925, 2800, 1670, 1470, 1395, 1270, 1210, 1140. 1095, 1055, 980, 905, 830, 770, 570, 450 | [92] |
Sample | Diameters (µm) | Width (µm) |
---|---|---|
ironwort | 1.1710 | 0.4540 |
0.2609 | 0.2383 | |
clinoptilolite | 0.2052 | 0.3530 |
SZ phyto-nanocarrier | 0.4880 | 0.2170 |
0.1299 | 0.0637 |
Sample Name | Total Phenolic Content (mg/g GAE) | mg AAE/mL | IC50 (mg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
ironwort | 0.4988 ± 0.072 | 122.23 ± 0.015 | 4.17 ± 0.019 |
SZ phyto-nanocarrier | 0.5219 ± 0.010 | 165.37 ± 0.023 | 3.89 ± 0.034 |
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Segneanu, A.-E.; Vlase, G.; Vlase, T.; Bita, A.; Bejenaru, C.; Buema, G.; Bejenaru, L.E.; Dumitru, A.; Boia, E.R. An Innovative Approach to a Potential Neuroprotective Sideritis scardica-Clinoptilolite Phyto-Nanocarrier: In Vitro Investigation and Evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031712
Segneanu A-E, Vlase G, Vlase T, Bita A, Bejenaru C, Buema G, Bejenaru LE, Dumitru A, Boia ER. An Innovative Approach to a Potential Neuroprotective Sideritis scardica-Clinoptilolite Phyto-Nanocarrier: In Vitro Investigation and Evaluation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031712
Chicago/Turabian StyleSegneanu, Adina-Elena, Gabriela Vlase, Titus Vlase, Andrei Bita, Cornelia Bejenaru, Gabriela Buema, Ludovic Everard Bejenaru, Andrei Dumitru, and Eugen Radu Boia. 2024. "An Innovative Approach to a Potential Neuroprotective Sideritis scardica-Clinoptilolite Phyto-Nanocarrier: In Vitro Investigation and Evaluation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031712