Gut Microbiota and Immune System Dynamics in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
3. Gut Microbiota and Immune System
4. Neurodegenerative Disorders
5. Parkinson’s Disease
5.1. Gut Microbiota and α-Synuclein and Immune System Interaction in PD
5.2. Changes in Gut Microbiota in PD
Increased Bacterial Abundance | Decreased Bacterial Abundance |
---|---|
Enterobacteriaceae [109,126,133,135,146] | Lachnospiraceae [138] |
Akkermansia [130] | Faecalibacterium [127,130,131,134] |
Bifidobacterium [130,136,147] | Blautia [127,128,134] |
Christensenella [128] | Dorea [128] |
Catabacter [128] | Bacteroides [128,135] |
Oscillospiraceae [128] | Prevotellaceae [126,128,131,132,134,135,137] |
Ruminococcus bromii [128] | Coprococcus [127,129] |
Papilibacter cinnamivorans [128] | Faecalibacterium [127,134] |
Proteus [148] | Roseburia [129] |
Lactobacillaceae [126,128,136,149] | Ralstonia [129] |
Clostridium Coccoides [147] | B. Fragilis [147] |
Christinesella [141] | Ruminococcus [134] |
Oscillospiraceae [134] |
5.3. Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis for Parkinson’s Disease Treatment
6. Alzheimer’s Disease
6.1. Interaction Between Gut Microbiota and Immune Cells in AD
6.2. Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kustrimovic, N.; Balkhi, S.; Bilato, G.; Mortara, L. Gut Microbiota and Immune System Dynamics in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212164
Kustrimovic N, Balkhi S, Bilato G, Mortara L. Gut Microbiota and Immune System Dynamics in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(22):12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212164
Chicago/Turabian StyleKustrimovic, Natasa, Sahar Balkhi, Giorgia Bilato, and Lorenzo Mortara. 2024. "Gut Microbiota and Immune System Dynamics in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 22: 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212164
APA StyleKustrimovic, N., Balkhi, S., Bilato, G., & Mortara, L. (2024). Gut Microbiota and Immune System Dynamics in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(22), 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212164