Para-Hydroxycinnamic Acid Mitigates Senescence and Inflammaging in Human Skin Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. pHCA Prevents Senescence Induced by Oxidative Stress in 2D HPK Cultures and 3D Organotypic Epidermal Models, While Premature Differentiation Is Barely Prevented
2.2. pHCA Improves Clonogenicity after Oxidative Stress in 2D Cultures of HPKs
2.3. pHCA Reduces ROS Levels in Keratinocytes
2.4. pHCA Prevents H2O2-Induced DNA Damage
2.5. pHCA Mitigates UV-Induced Inflammatory Response in 2D and 3D In Vitro Models
2.6. pHCA Maintains Energy Metabolism
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. 2D Cell Culture and Stress Treatments
4.2. Clonogenicity Assays and Rhodamine B Staining
4.3. Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
4.4. Protein Extraction and Western Blotting
4.5. 53BP1 Staining and Quantification
4.6. 3D Human Skin Organotypic Models
4.7. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in 3D Organotypic Cultures
4.8. PGE2, IL-6, and IL-8 Measurements in 2D Cultures
4.9. Immunofluorescence Staining of 3D Organotypic Sections
4.10. Lamin B1 Quantification
4.11. Seahorse Metabolic Stress Assays
4.12. CellROX Assays
4.13. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tan, C.Y.R.; Morenc, M.; Setiawan, M.; Lim, Z.Z.Y.; Soon, A.L.; Bierman, J.C.; Vires, L.; Laughlin, T.; DeAngelis, Y.M.; Rovito, H.; et al. Para-Hydroxycinnamic Acid Mitigates Senescence and Inflammaging in Human Skin Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158153
Tan CYR, Morenc M, Setiawan M, Lim ZZY, Soon AL, Bierman JC, Vires L, Laughlin T, DeAngelis YM, Rovito H, et al. Para-Hydroxycinnamic Acid Mitigates Senescence and Inflammaging in Human Skin Models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158153
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Christina Yan Ru, Malgorzata Morenc, Melina Setiawan, Zen Zhi Yan Lim, Ai Ling Soon, John C. Bierman, Laura Vires, Timothy Laughlin, Yvonne M. DeAngelis, Holly Rovito, and et al. 2024. "Para-Hydroxycinnamic Acid Mitigates Senescence and Inflammaging in Human Skin Models" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158153