Galectin-3 as a Marker for Increased Thrombogenicity in COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Baseline Characteristics
2.2. Galectin-3 Levels Are Higher and Correlate with Markers of Increased Thrombogenicity in Patients with COVID-19
2.3. Levels of Markers Associated with Treg Are Increased in COVID-19 and Correlate with Galectin-3 Levels
2.4. Galectin-3 Levels Relate to Clinical Severity
3. Discussion
Limitations
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Study Population
4.2. Data Collection
4.3. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbend Assay
4.4. Multiplex Bead-Based Arrays
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Population (n = 90) | COVpos (n = 55) | COVneg (n = 35) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 70 (56.5–79.25) | 69 (55–76) | 73 (58–81) | 0.146 |
Gender, male | 58 (64.4%) | 38 (69.1%) | 20 (57.1%) | 0.267 |
BMI (kg/m2) * | 26.33 (24.58–30.33) | 26.70 (24.69–30.70) | 25.11 (22.92–28-50) | 0.135 |
On ICU | 26 (28.9%) | 20 (36.4%) | 6 (17.1%) | 0.059 |
Died | 10 (11.1%) | 10 (18.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.006 |
Pre-existing conditions | ||||
Heart failure | 9 (10%) | 2 (3.6%) | 7 (20%) | 0.025 |
Coronary artery disease | 19 (21.1%) | 7 (12.7%) | 12 (34.3%) | 0.019 |
Arterial hypertension | 58 (64.4%) | 34 (61.8%) | 24 (68.6%) | 0.652 |
Diabetes mellitus | 22 (24.4%) | 14 (25.5%) | 8 (22.9%) | 1.0 |
Peripheral artery disease | 14 (15.6%) | 2 (3.6%) | 12 (34.3%) | <0.001 |
Hypercholesterinemia | 25 (27.8%) | 15 (27.3%) | 10 (28.6%) | 1.0 |
COPD | 17 (18.9%) | 4 (7.3%) | 13 (37.1%) | <0.001 |
Medication | ||||
Prophylactic anticoagulation | 56 (62.2%) | 34 (61.8%) | 22 (62.9%) | 1.0 |
Therapeutic anticoagulation | 34 (37.8%) | 21 (38.2%) | 13 (37.1%) | 1.0 |
ASS | 35 (38.9%) | 23 (41.8%) | 12 (34.3%) | 0.513 |
ADP Receptor Antagonist | 2 (2.2%) | 2 (3.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.519 |
Betablocker | 32 (35.6%) | 15 (27.3%) | 17 (48.6%) | 0.046 |
RAAS-blockage | 35 (38.9%) | 17 (30.9%) | 18 (51.4%) | 0.076 |
Diuretics | 36 (40%) | 19 (34.5%) | 17 (48.6) | 0.195 |
Statins | 23 (25.6%) | 14 (25.5%) | 9 (25.7%) | 1.0 |
Glucocorticoids | 39 (43.3%) | 32 (58.2%) | 7 (20%) | <0.001 |
Remdesivir | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1.0 |
Tocilizumab | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1.0 |
Inhalative Therapy | 63 (70%) | 41 (74.5%) | 22 (62.9%) | 0.250 |
Laboratory values | ||||
Creatinine (mg/dL) * | 0.92 (0.76–1.19) | 0.92 (0.7–1.16) | 0.94 (0.78–1.23) | 0.649 |
BUN (mg/dL) * | 41.5 (27–59) | 48 (27–63) | 34 (25–52) | 0.105 |
NT-proBNP (ng/L) * | 488 (173–1695.25) | 359 (136–1616) | 930 (322–2318) | 0.079 |
CRP (mg/dL) * | 65.3 (25.6–105.05) | 69 (18.9–125) | 62.1 (38.78–102.15) | 0.807 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) * | 11.5 (9.78–12.8) | 11.4 (9.4–12.6) | 11.8 (10.1 -13.4) | 0.204 |
Leukocytes (n/nL) * | 8.77 (6.72–12.16) | 8.51 (6.77–12.37) | 8.83 (6.67–11.16) | 0.878 |
Thrombocytes (n/pL) * | 281.5 (229.25–371.25) | 297 (234–397) | 279 (209–322) | 0.111 |
MPV (fL) * | 10.4 (9.7–11.23) | 10.4 (9.68–11.53) | 10.35 (9.7–10.98) | 0.374 |
Galectin-3 (ng/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Population | COVpos | COVneg | ||||
vWF (IU/mL) | r = 0.380 | p < 0.001 | r = 0.428 | p = 0.002 | r = 0.122 | p = 0.485 |
MPV (fL) | r = 0.212 | p = 0.054 | r = 0.346 | p = 0.011 | r = −0.057 | p = 0.757 |
P-selectin (ng/mL) | r = −0.129 | p = 0.241 | r = 0.000 | p = 1.000 | r = −0.241 | p = 0.162 |
Antithrombin (ng/mL) | r = 0.432 | p < 0.001 | r = 0.339 | p = 0.014 | r = 0.430 | p = 0.010 |
tPA (ng/mL) | r = 0.015 | p = 0.896 | r = 0.028 | p = 0.846 | r = −0.294 | p = 0.114 |
D-dimer (mg/mL) | r = 0.385 | p < 0.001 | r = 0.462 | p < 0.001 | r = 0.196 | p = 0.267 |
Galectin-3 (ng/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Population | COVpos | COVneg | ||||
IL-2 (pg/mL) | r = 0.181 | p = 0.105 | r = 0.308 | p = 0.037 | r = −0.032 | p = 0.854 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | r = 0.258 | p = 0.016 | r = 0.336 | p = 0.015 | r = −0.093 | p = 0.594 |
sCD25 (pg/mL) | r = 0.346 | p = 0.001 | r = 0.392 | p = 0.004 | r = 0.183 | p = 0.293 |
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Puccini, M.; Jakobs, K.; Reinshagen, L.; Friebel, J.; Schencke, P.-A.; Ghanbari, E.; Landmesser, U.; Haghikia, A.; Kränkel, N.; Rauch, U. Galectin-3 as a Marker for Increased Thrombogenicity in COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 7683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097683
Puccini M, Jakobs K, Reinshagen L, Friebel J, Schencke P-A, Ghanbari E, Landmesser U, Haghikia A, Kränkel N, Rauch U. Galectin-3 as a Marker for Increased Thrombogenicity in COVID-19. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(9):7683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097683
Chicago/Turabian StylePuccini, Marianna, Kai Jakobs, Leander Reinshagen, Julian Friebel, Philipp-Alexander Schencke, Emily Ghanbari, Ulf Landmesser, Arash Haghikia, Nicolle Kränkel, and Ursula Rauch. 2023. "Galectin-3 as a Marker for Increased Thrombogenicity in COVID-19" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9: 7683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097683