The Functions of TRIM56 in Antiviral Innate Immunity and Tumorigenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure and Expression of TRIM56
3. Antiviral Effects of TRIM56
3.1. TRIM56 Regulates the Antiviral Innate Immune Response
3.1.1. Regulation of TLR Signaling Pathway
3.1.2. Regulation of cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway
3.1.3. Enhancement of the Production of ISGs
3.2. TRIM56 Directly Targets Viruses
3.2.1. Positive Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
3.2.2. Negative Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
3.2.3. Double-Stranded DNA Viruses
Virus | Genome | Mechanisms | Functions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
BVDV | +ssRNA | RING and C-terminus | Inhibition of BVDV replication | [53] |
YFV | +ssRNA | RING and C-terminus | Inhibition of YFV replication | [70] |
DENV1/2 | +ssRNA | RING and C-terminus | Inhibition of DENV1/2 replication | [52,70] |
HCoV-OC43 | +ssRNA | RING | Inhibition of packaging and release | [70] |
ZIKV | +ssRNA | RING and C-terminus | Binding to ZIKV RNA and inhibition of ZIKV replication | [52] |
PVDV | +ssRNA | RING, and N- and C- termini | Activation of TLR3 signaling and inhibition of PVDV replication | [64] |
HIV-1 | +ssRNA | - | Suppression of HIV-1 release | [69] |
IAV, IBV | -ssRNA | C-terminus | Inhibition of IAV and IBV replication | [76] |
HSV-1 | dsDNA | - | Activation cGAS-STING signaling and inhibition of HSV-1 replication | [26] |
HBV | dsDNA | RING | Ubiquitination of IκBα and inhibition of HBV replication | [50] |
3.3. Other Pathogens
4. The Function of TRIM56 in Tumors
4.1. Tumor Suppression
4.1.1. Ovarian Cancer
4.1.2. Multiple Myeloma
4.1.3. Lung Cancer
4.1.4. Leukemia
4.1.5. Hepatocellular Carcinoma
4.2. Tumor Promotion
4.2.1. Glioma
4.2.2. Breast Cancer
4.2.3. Kaposi’s Sarcoma
4.3. Regulation of TRIM56 Expression in Tumors
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TRIM | Tripartite-motif |
RING | Really interesting new gene |
RBCC | RING-B-box-Coiled-Coil |
FNIII | Fibronectin type III repeat region |
ACID | Acid-rich region |
MATH | Meprin and TRAF-homologous structural domain |
ARF | ADP-ribosylation factor family structural domain |
FIL | Filamine-type IG structural domain |
BROMO | Bromodomain |
TM | Transmembrane region |
IFN | Interferon |
TLRs | Toll-like receptors |
cGAS | Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase |
STING | Stimulator interferon genes HECT: homologous to E6AP C-terminus |
DVL2 | Dishevelled-2 |
SAP18 | Sin3A associated protein 18 |
TAK1 | TGF-β-activated kinase 1 |
PAMPs | Pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
PRRs | Pattern recognition receptors |
RIG-I | Retinoic-acid inducible gene-I |
RLRs | RIG-I-like receptors |
ISGs | Interferon-stimulated genes |
IFN-I | Type I IFN |
MyD88 | Myeloid differentiation factor 88 |
IRAK1/4 | IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1/4 |
TRAF6 | TNF receptor-associated factor 6 |
TAB2 | TAK1/MAP3K7 binding protein 2 |
IκKα/β/γ | IκB kinase α/β/γ |
TRIF | Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β |
cGAMP | Cyclic GMP-AMP |
ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
HSV-1 | Herpes simplex virus-1 |
UBXN3B | Ubiquitin regulatory X domain-containing proteins 3B |
VSV | Vesicular stomatitis virus |
NEMO | NF-κB essential modifier |
HCV | Hepatitis C virus |
N(pro) | N-terminal protease |
BVDV | Bovine viral diarrhea virus |
IRF3 | Interferon regulatory factor 3 |
YFV | Yellow fever virus |
DENV2 | Dengue virus serotype 2 |
HCoV | Human coronavirus |
ZIKV | Zika virus |
PEDV | Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus |
HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
EMCV | Encephalomyocarditis virus |
HBV | Hepatitis B virus |
EMT | Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition |
PCBP1 | Poly r(c)-binding protein 1 |
MM | Multiple myeloma |
IL | Interleukin |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
NEAT1 | Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 |
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
IAPs | Inhibitors of apoptosis |
KS | Kaposi’s sarcoma |
KSHV | KS-associated herpesvirus |
vFLIP | Viral FLICE inhibitory protein |
PEL | Primary exudative lymphoma |
MIBC | Muscle-invasive bladder cancer |
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Cancer Type | Expression | Mechanisms | Functions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ovarian cancer | - | Ubiquitination and downregulation of Vimentin | Inhibition of migration and invasion | [35] |
Multiple myeloma | Decrease | Production of inflammatory cytokines with activation of the TLR3/TRIF signaling pathway | Inhibition of cell proliferation | [36] |
Lung cancer | Decrease | - | Inhibition of the invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells | [37] |
Leukemia | - | Ubiquitination and downregulation of DVL2 | Inhibition of AML stem cell self-renewal and leukemogenesis | [38] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Decrease | Inactivation of Wnt signaling and targeting of RBM24 | Inhibition of HCC proliferation | [39] |
Glioma | Increase | Deubiquitination of and increase in FOXM1 and cIAP1 protein levels | Promotion of glioma progression and inhibition of radiosensitivity of glioblastoma | [31,32] |
Breast cancer | - | Ubiquitination of and increase in the stability of ERα | Promotion of proliferation | [33] |
Kaposi’s sarcoma | - | Ubiquitination and downregulation of SAP18 | Promotion of cell invasion and angiogenesis | [34] |
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Fu, L.; Zhou, X.; Jiao, Q.; Chen, X. The Functions of TRIM56 in Antiviral Innate Immunity and Tumorigenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 5046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24055046
Fu L, Zhou X, Jiao Q, Chen X. The Functions of TRIM56 in Antiviral Innate Immunity and Tumorigenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5):5046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24055046
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Lin, Xiaotong Zhou, Qian Jiao, and Xi Chen. 2023. "The Functions of TRIM56 in Antiviral Innate Immunity and Tumorigenesis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5: 5046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24055046
APA StyleFu, L., Zhou, X., Jiao, Q., & Chen, X. (2023). The Functions of TRIM56 in Antiviral Innate Immunity and Tumorigenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(5), 5046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24055046