Association of Klotho with Coronary Artery Disease in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Preserved Kidney Function: A Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Population
4.2. Coronary Angiography
4.3. Clinical and Biochemical Variables
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-T2DM | T2DM | p | All Subjects | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | ||||
N | 200 | 133 | 333 | |
Age (years) | 64.6 ± 11.3 | 66.3 ± 10.2 | 0.27 | 65.3 ± 10.9 |
Sex (% male) | 135 (67.5) | 85 (63.9) | 0.49 | 220 (66.1) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 2.8 | 27.1 ± 2.1 | 0.09 | 26.1 ± 3.2 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 123 ± 15.1 | 128 ± 11.5 | 0.12 | 127 ± 12.3 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 74.5 ± 8.6 | 75.8 ± 9.7 | 0.13 | 74.9 ± 9.1 |
Comorbidities (%) | ||||
Significant CAD | 167 (83.5) | 103 (77.4) | 0.17 | 270 (81.1) |
Obesity | 28 (14) | 14 (10.5) | 0.35 | 42 (12.6) |
Hypertension | 61 (30.5) | 37 (27.8) | 0.59 | 98 (29.4) |
Former smokers | 40 (20) | 28 (21.1) | 0.46 | 68 (20.4) |
Current smokers | 63 (31.5) | 21 (23.3) | 0.04 | 94 (28.2) |
Dyslipidemia | 88 (44) | 54 (40.6) | 0.54 | 142 (42.6) |
Laboratory data | ||||
T-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 172.6 (145–201.5) | 168 (140–190) | 0.14 | 171 (143–198) |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 40.5 (33–48) | 37 (31–43.5) | 0.05 | 38 (32–46) |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 103 (80–127) | 94 (74.5–112) | <0.01 | 100.4 (76–121.8) |
TG (mg/dL) | 125 (92.3–162.8) | 142 (114.5–197.5) | <0.001 | 135 (102–172) |
TyG index | 4.68 (4.53–4.79) | 5.04 (4.9–5.25) | <0.001 | 4.8 (4.61–5.02) |
FG (mg/dL) | 90 (86–95) | 158 (138–200) | <0.001 | 97 (89–147.5) |
Hb1ac (%) | 5.37 ± 0.37 | 7.57 ± 0.42 | <0.001 | 6.28 ± 1.46 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 101.1 ± 9.2 | 97.5 ± 8.3 | 0.11 | 99.5 ± 3.3 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) | 0.82 (0.7–1.02) | 0.04 | 0.86 (0.74–1.04) |
ACR (mg/g) | 5.82 (3.54–15.9) | 8.38 (4.08–16.96) | 0.08 | 6.83 (3.68–16.04) |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.54 (4.58–6.69) | 5.36 (4.46–6.21) | 0.29 | 5.43 (5.5–6.6) |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.32 ± 0.31 | 9.33 ± 0.38 | 0.56 | 9.32 ± 0.34 |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.54 ± 0.53 | 3.55 ± 0.67 | 0.71 | 3.54 ± 0.71 |
NLR (/mL) | 2.3 (1.69–3.24) | 1.78 (2.32–3.61) | 0.28 | 2.31 (1.74–3.33) |
MLR (/mL) | 0.33 (0.26–0.49) | 0.32 (0.24–0.44) | 0.06 | 0.33 (0.24–0.46) |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 3.2 (1.92–6.23) | 3.3 (2–6.7) | 0.74 | 3.2 (2–6.6) |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 1.99 (1.35–2.55) | 2.09 (1.52–2.99) | 0.12 | 2.06 (1.43–2.77) |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 6.12 (3.49–10.35) | 6.36 (3.3–12.14) | 0.52 | 6.3 (3.3–10.76) |
Klotho (pg/mL) | 480.8 (332.2–651) | 421.9 (252–651.4) | 0.04 | 466.3 (290.5–651.4) |
iFGF23 (pg/mL) | 583.3 (471.7–790.1) | 570.7 (427.3–706.1) | 0.11 | 577 (443.1–766.1) |
Medication | ||||
Statin (%) | 104 (52) | 84 (63.2) | 0.04 | 188 (56.5) |
ACEI/ARB (%) | 80 (40) | 61 (45.9) | 0.29 | 141 (42.3) |
Non-T2DM | T2DM | p | All Subjects | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SSI | 30.13 (16.1–44.94) | 33.5 (16.13–54.13) | 0.39 | 32.25 (16.1–51.13) |
Obstruction (%) | ||||
LCA | 55.12 ± 29.1 | 54.2 ± 29.21 | 0.61 | 54.75 ± 29.1 |
RCA | 25.86 ± 34.66 | 33.16 ± 37.4 | 0.02 | 28.78 ± 35.91 |
LAD | 33.43 ± 38.92 | 34.59 ± 40.05 | 0.33 | 33.89 ± 39.32 |
CA | 14.54 ± 30.82 | 14.77 ± 31.1 | 0.94 | 14.63 ± 30.89 |
No CAD | CAD | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | |||
N | 30 | 103 | |
Age (years) | 63 (54.8–73) | 68 (61–75) | 0.16 |
Sex (% male) | 20 (66.7) | 65 (63.1) | 0.83 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 2.2 | 27.3 ± 2.9 | 0.13 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 129 ± 10.1 | 132 ± 11.1 | 0.04 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 75.3 ± 7.7 | 75.9 ± 9.1 | 0.47 |
Comorbidities | |||
Obesity | 4 (13.3) | 10 (9.7) | 0.52 |
Hypertension (%) | 6 (20) | 31 (30.1) | 0.36 |
Former smoker (%) | 7 (23.3) | 21 (20.4) | 0.12 |
Current smokers (%) | 7 (23.3) | 19 (18.4) | 0.21 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 10 (33) | 44 (42.7) | 0.41 |
Laboratory data | |||
T-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 160.5 (134.5–188.5) | 168 (142–193) | 0.47 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 34 (27.3–42.8) | 38 (31–44) | 0.26 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 90.5 (70.3–118.5) | 95 (75–110) | 0.84 |
TG (mg/dL) | 142.5 (114.5–200) | 142 (114–197) | 0.97 |
TyG index | 5.08 (4.9–5.26) | 5.03 (4.9–5.25) | 0.76 |
FG (mg/dL) | 133.8 (67.2–222) | 162 (142–196) | 0.28 |
Hb1ac (%) | 7.42 ± 0.2 | 7.58 ± 0.21 | 0.11 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 99.8 ± 10.3 | 96.9 ± 9.3 | 0.16 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.82 (0.7–1.1) | 0.64 |
ACR (mg/g) | 5.76 (3.22–13.84) | 9 (4.3–19) | 0.08 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.36 (4.35–6.89) | 5.36 (4.45–6.11) | 0.99 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.3 ± 0.34 | 9.36 ± 0.28 | 0.85 |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.55 ± 0.71 | 3.55 ± 0.42 | 0.98 |
NLR (/mL) | 2.58 (1.62–3.89) | 2.2 (1.8–3.52) | 0.69 |
MLR (/mL) | 0.33 (0.23–0.46) | 0.32 (0.24–0.43) | 0.86 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.75 (1.25–5.9) | 3.9 (2.1–6.8) | 0.03 |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 1.87 (1.34–2.72) | 2.22 (1.57–3.1) | 0.04 |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 5.03 (2.48–8.97) | 7.5 (3.51–12–25) | 0.03 |
Klotho (pg/mL) | 314.5 (6.15–562.81) | 458.97 (275.2–667.2) | 0.02 |
iFGF23 (pg/mL) | 571.2 (444.5–675.4) | 570.21 (421.3–707.3) | 0.91 |
Medication | |||
Statin (%) | 21 (70) | 63 (61.2) | 0.38 |
ACEI/ARB (%) | 11 (36.7) | 50 (48.5) | 0.25 |
Non-T2DM | T2DM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | |
SSI | −0.3 | 0.675 | 0.233 | 0.007 |
Obs LCA (%) | −0.074 | 0.297 | 0.212 | 0.014 |
Obs RCA (%) | 0.028 | 0.696 | 0.182 | 0.036 |
Obs LAD (%) | −0.063 | 0.379 | 0.152 | 0.082 |
Obs CA (%) | 0.114 | 0.108 | 0.029 | 0.739 |
Stenosis Severity Index | Adjusted R2 | ß | SE | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-T2DM subjects | 0.045 | <0.05 | |||
TNFα (pg/mL) | 0.130 | 0.228 | 1.837 | 0.048 | |
ACR (mg/g) | 0.129 | 0.178 | 1.849 | 0.046 | |
T2DM subjects | 0.153 | <0.01 | |||
Dyslipidemia | 0.206 | 3.852 | 2.469 | 0.015 | |
Klotho (pg/mL) | 0.184 | 0.007 | 2.201 | 0.030 | |
ACR (mg/g) | 0.228 | 0.225 | 2.735 | 0.007 |
Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Klotho (pg/mL) | 1.003 (1.002–1.003) | <0.001 | 1.001 (1.0–1.003) | 0.037 | 1.001 (1.0–1.003) | 0.039 | 1.001 (1.0–1.003) | 0.041 |
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Donate-Correa, J.; Martín-Núñez, E.; Mora-Fernández, C.; González-Luis, A.; Martín-Olivera, A.; Navarro-González, J.F. Association of Klotho with Coronary Artery Disease in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Preserved Kidney Function: A Case-Control Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713456
Donate-Correa J, Martín-Núñez E, Mora-Fernández C, González-Luis A, Martín-Olivera A, Navarro-González JF. Association of Klotho with Coronary Artery Disease in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Preserved Kidney Function: A Case-Control Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(17):13456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713456
Chicago/Turabian StyleDonate-Correa, Javier, Ernesto Martín-Núñez, Carmen Mora-Fernández, Ainhoa González-Luis, Alberto Martín-Olivera, and Juan F. Navarro-González. 2023. "Association of Klotho with Coronary Artery Disease in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Preserved Kidney Function: A Case-Control Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17: 13456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713456