Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome
Abstract
:1. Preamble
2. Technology
3. Microbiome Development
4. A Healthy Microbiome?
4.1. Influences on the Microbiome
4.2. Contribution to Health—SCFA Production
4.3. Contribution to Health—Other Metabolites
4.4. The Microbiome and Immunity
5. The Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis (MGBA)
5.1. Neurodevelopment
5.2. Dysbiosis and Disease
5.3. Dysbiosis Metabolites
6. Causes of Dysbiosis
6.1. Diet
6.2. Ageing
6.3. Lifestyle
6.4. Medications
7. The Gut–Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases
7.1. Amyloid
7.2. Parkinson’s Disease
7.3. Alzheimer’s Disease
7.4. Multiple Sclerosis
7.5. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
7.6. Multisystem Atrophy
7.7. Huntington’s Disease
7.8. Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease
7.9. Autism Spectrum Disorder
7.10. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
7.11. Long COVID (Chronic COVID)
7.12. Chronic Fatigue/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
7.13. Epilepsy and Other Channelopathies
7.14. Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction
8. Microbiome Alteration as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegeneration and Neurodevelopmental Diseases
8.1. Diet and Prebiotics
8.2. Probiotics
8.3. Faecal Microbiome Transplant
8.4. Medications and Supplements
8.5. Traditional Chinese Medicine and Herbal Therapy
8.6. Targeted Antibiotics
8.7. Photobiomodulation
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bicknell, B.; Liebert, A.; Borody, T.; Herkes, G.; McLachlan, C.; Kiat, H. Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119577
Bicknell B, Liebert A, Borody T, Herkes G, McLachlan C, Kiat H. Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(11):9577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119577
Chicago/Turabian StyleBicknell, Brian, Ann Liebert, Thomas Borody, Geoffrey Herkes, Craig McLachlan, and Hosen Kiat. 2023. "Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11: 9577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119577