Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Implications for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Insights from Tumor Biology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MDSC Classification
2.1. Origin and Identification
2.2. Recruitment and Expansion of MDSC
2.3. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of MDSC
- (i)
- Sequestration of cardinal amino acids (AA) such as L-arginine, L-cysteine (Cys), and L-tryptophan by the activity of inducible enzymes such as arginase 1 (ARG1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2) and indolamine dioxygenase (IDO) [27,39]. The reduction of these AA leads to the inhibition of T-cell activation and proliferation and reduced expression of T-cell receptor TCR-CD3 ζ chain, inducing the cell to undergo proliferative arrest [40,41,42];
- (ii)
- (iii)
- Indirect suppression of T and effector B cells through the induction of tolerogenic immune cells such as de novo generation of Fox-P3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) [45], regulatory B cells, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) [41,46]. Recently, a novel mechanism was elucidated through which MDSC-dependent metabolic and functional paralysis of CD8+ T cells occurs [47]. The mechanism involves methylglyoxal-derived glycation of L-arginine products such as argpyrimidine and hydroimidazolone, thereby depleting cytosolic amino acids such as L-arginine, resulting in T-cell paralysis [47,48]. The transfer of methylglyoxal from MDSC to T cells is dependent on cell–cell contact, resulting in more T-cell suppression at sites where MDSC may accumulate, such as tumor tissue [47];
- (iv)
- Secretion of suppressive cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10 that exert direct suppressive effects on T-cell responses [45];
- (v)
- Induction of T-cell apoptosis through the induction of the B7 family of immune-regulatory ligands, a co-signaling network superfamily that plays an essential role in the modification of T-cell activation and tolerance [49], such as B7-H1 (programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)), B7-H3, and B7-H4 [50], and impairment of T-cell migration through the reduction of CD62L expression [29].
3. MDSC during M. tb Infection
M. tb Infection and Metabolic Reprogramming of Myeloid Cells
4. Immunometabolism of MDSC in Oncology
4.1. Metabolic Reprogramming of MDSC
4.2. Metabolism of Glucose, Lipids, and Amino Acids by Tumor-Derived MDSC
4.3. ROS regulates MDSC-Mediated Immune Suppression
5. An Intersection Point of MDSC in Tumor Biology and MDSC in Tuberculosis
5.1. Crosstalk between MDSC and B Cells
5.2. The Impact of MDSC in TB Infection and Prospects of Immune Metabolic Targeting Therapy of Drug-Resistant TB
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Munansangu, B.S.M.; Kenyon, C.; Walzl, G.; Loxton, A.G.; Kotze, L.A.; du Plessis, N. Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Implications for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Insights from Tumor Biology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073512
Munansangu BSM, Kenyon C, Walzl G, Loxton AG, Kotze LA, du Plessis N. Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Implications for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Insights from Tumor Biology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(7):3512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073512
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunansangu, Brian S. M., Colin Kenyon, Gerhard Walzl, André G. Loxton, Leigh A. Kotze, and Nelita du Plessis. 2022. "Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Implications for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Insights from Tumor Biology" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7: 3512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073512
APA StyleMunansangu, B. S. M., Kenyon, C., Walzl, G., Loxton, A. G., Kotze, L. A., & du Plessis, N. (2022). Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Implications for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Insights from Tumor Biology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(7), 3512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073512