How Microbes Affect Depression: Underlying Mechanisms via the Gut–Brain Axis and the Modulating Role of Probiotics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pathogenesis of Depression Related to the MGB Axis
2.1. Abnormal Stress Response
2.2. Decreased Neurogenesis and Its Association with BDNF
2.3. Neuroinflammation
2.4. Other MDD-Related Factors
2.4.1. Sleep Disorders
2.4.2. Metabolic Disorders
2.4.3. Dysregulation of Monoamines and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
3. Proposals for Improving the Pathophysiology of MDD via the MGB Axis
3.1. Ameliorating the Stress Response
3.2. Maintenance of BDNF Expression and Neurogenesis
3.3. Anti-Inflammatory Effect
4. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Suda, K.; Matsuda, K. How Microbes Affect Depression: Underlying Mechanisms via the Gut–Brain Axis and the Modulating Role of Probiotics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031172
Suda K, Matsuda K. How Microbes Affect Depression: Underlying Mechanisms via the Gut–Brain Axis and the Modulating Role of Probiotics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031172
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuda, Kazunori, and Kazunori Matsuda. 2022. "How Microbes Affect Depression: Underlying Mechanisms via the Gut–Brain Axis and the Modulating Role of Probiotics" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3: 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031172