Dyslipidemia and Inflammation as Hallmarks of Oxidative Stress in COVID-19: A Follow-Up Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Inflammatory, Redox, and Lipid Profile of COVID-19 vs. Controls
2.2. Association of Lipid Peroxidation with Lipid and Inflammatory Markers
2.3. Follow-Up
2.4. Clinical Outcomes and Mortality
3. Discussion
Limitations
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Patient Inclusion Criteria
4.2. Biological Samples
4.3. Lipid Profile Analysis
4.4. Cytokine Analysis
4.5. Oxidant Cell Damage and Antioxidant Capacity Determination
4.6. Endpoints
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COVID-19 | Coronavirus disease 2019 |
CI | Confidence interval |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
IL | Interleukin |
HDL-c | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
LDL-c | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
LPO | Lipid peroxidation |
NLRP3 | Pyrin domain-containing 3 |
SARS-CoV-2 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
TC | Total cholesterol |
TG | Tryglycerides |
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Global COVID-19 (n = 108) | Controls (n = 28) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Inflammatory markers | |||
CRP, mg/L | 83.5 [38–151.2] | 10 [7–10] | <0.001 |
D-dimer, ng/mL | 800 [470–1713] | 255 [224–330] | <0.001 |
Ferritin, ng/mL | 731 [412–1500] | NA | NA |
Lymphocytes, cells/mm3 | 945 [630–1221] | 2255 [1545–2485] | <0.001 |
Cytokines and chemokines | |||
IL-1β, pg/mL | 6.62 [2.71–13.2] | 2.49 [1.76–2.81] | <0.001 |
IL-1RA, pg/mL | 604.7 [258.6–1282.5] | 72.5 [45.9–87.1] | <0.001 |
IL-6, pg/mL | 13.07 [6.57–29.45] | 8.69 [5.95–10.01] | 0.010 |
IL-7, pg/mL | 1.67 [0.72–3.58] | 0.72 [0.50–0.82] | <0.001 |
IL-17A, pg/mL | 7.03 [3.11–18.33] | 2.03 [1.59–2.32] | <0.001 |
IL-18, pg/mL | 47.2 [25–76.55] | 14.53 [11.89–32.3] | <0.001 |
IP-10, pg/mL | 45.55 [29.07–71.30] | 5.56 [3.07–7.34] | <0.001 |
Oxidative markers | |||
8-OHdG a, pg/mL | 8373 [5445–12,497] | 7925 [5130–9722] | 0.246 |
ABTS b, µM | 2264 [1938–2462] | 2510 [2371–2768] | <0.001 |
FRAP b, µM | 453.8 [385.7–576.1] | 700.7 [554.1–796.4] | <0.001 |
LPO c, µM | 2123 [1250–3249] | 284 [174–509] | <0.001 |
Protein carbonyl d, nmol/mg prot. | 10.8 [7.2–14.6] | 5.6 [4.4–8.07] | <0.001 |
Lipid profile | |||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 140 [117.5–159.5] | 175 [164–197] | <0.001 |
LDL-c, mg/dL | 71.3 [60.4–93.5] | 98 [84.4–125.6] | 0.002 |
HDL-c, mg/dL | 35 [29.2–44] | 59 [50.4–65.3] | <0.001 |
TG, mg/dL | 119 [94.5–153.5] | 89.5 [83–127] | 0.027 |
TC/HDL-c | 3.68 [3.18–4.66] | 2.9 [2.52–3.83] | 0.008 |
Variable | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Age | 1.007 (0.971–1.045) | 0.700 | ||
Male gender | 0.883 (0.320–2.435) | 0.810 | ||
Total cholesterol | 0.986 (0.969–1.002) | 0.092 | 0.982 (0.969–0.996) | 0.012 |
IL1RA | 0.999 (0.998–0.999) | 0.017 | 0.999 (0.998–0.999) | 0.021 |
IL-2 | 0.961 (0.862–1.070) | 0.467 | ||
IL-4 | 0.991 (0.825–1.191) | 0.927 | ||
IL-5 | 0.996 (0.976–1.017) | 0.703 | ||
IL-6 | 1.094 (1.026–1.166) | 0.006 | 1.062 (1.017–1.110) | 0.007 |
IL-7 | 0.582 (0.311–1.087) | 0.089 | 0.653 (0.433–0.986) | 0.042 |
IL-8 | 0.983 (0.952–1.015) | 0.302 | ||
IL-9 | 0.797 (0.512–1.240) | 0.314 | ||
IL-12p70 | 0.856 (0.480–1.528) | 0.600 | ||
IL-15 | 1.018 (0.931–1.112) | 0.702 | ||
IL-17α | 1.200 (0.998–1.442) | 0.052 | 1.098 (1.010–1.193) | 0.028 |
IL-18 | 1.010 (0.996–1.023) | 0.164 | ||
IL-23 | 1.449 (0.951–2.208) | 0.084 | ||
IL-31 | 0.735 (0.535–1.009) | 0.057 | ||
IP-10 | 0.995 (0.987–1.003) | 0.225 |
LPO ≤ 1948 μM a | LPO > 1948 μM a | ANCOVA Adjusted p-Value d | |
---|---|---|---|
First follow-up b | |||
TC, mg/dL | 186 [163–210] | 195 [157–215] | 0.763 |
LDL-c, mg/dL | 123 [102–139] | 107 [102–135] | 0.475 |
HDL-c, mg/dL | 58 [47–66] | 49 [36–67] | 0.392 |
TG, mg/dL | 107 [83–139] | 115 [101–168] | 0.372 |
TC/HDL-c | 3.4 [2.9–4.5] | 3.5 [2.8–5.2] | 0.306 |
CRP, mg/L | 1.6 [1–4.3] | 1.7 [1–4.3] | 0.703 |
Second follow-upc | |||
TC, mg/dL | 192 [174–211] | 207 [197–230] | 0.026 |
LDL-c, mg/dL | 114 [99–128] | 131 [120–147] | 0.025 |
HDL-c, mg/dL | 57 [45–65] | 48 [38–62] | 0.031 |
TG, mg/dL | 109 [86–127] | 127 [107–150] | 0.002 |
TC/HDL-c | 3.4 [2.9–3.6] | 3.9 [3.4–4.8] | 0.003 |
CRP, mg/L | 2.5 [1–5.25] | 5.8 [2–15] | 0.072 |
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Aparisi, Á.; Martín-Fernández, M.; Ybarra-Falcón, C.; Gil, J.F.; Carrasco-Moraleja, M.; Martínez-Paz, P.; Cusácovich, I.; Gonzalo-Benito, H.; Fuertes, R.; Marcos-Mangas, M.; et al. Dyslipidemia and Inflammation as Hallmarks of Oxidative Stress in COVID-19: A Follow-Up Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315350
Aparisi Á, Martín-Fernández M, Ybarra-Falcón C, Gil JF, Carrasco-Moraleja M, Martínez-Paz P, Cusácovich I, Gonzalo-Benito H, Fuertes R, Marcos-Mangas M, et al. Dyslipidemia and Inflammation as Hallmarks of Oxidative Stress in COVID-19: A Follow-Up Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315350
Chicago/Turabian StyleAparisi, Álvaro, Marta Martín-Fernández, Cristina Ybarra-Falcón, José Francisco Gil, Manuel Carrasco-Moraleja, Pedro Martínez-Paz, Iván Cusácovich, Hugo Gonzalo-Benito, Raúl Fuertes, Marta Marcos-Mangas, and et al. 2022. "Dyslipidemia and Inflammation as Hallmarks of Oxidative Stress in COVID-19: A Follow-Up Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315350