Growth Hormone Improves Adipose Tissue Browning and Muscle Wasting in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Cachexia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. GH Stimulates Food Intake and Increases Body Weight in CKD Mice
2.2. GH Improves Energy Homeostasis in CKD Mice
2.3. GH Improves Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Energy Homeostasis in CKD Mice
2.4. GH Mitigates Lipolytic Enzymes in CKD Mice
2.5. GH Mitigates White Adipose Tissue Browning in CKD Mice
2.6. GH Attenuates Muscle-Wasting Signaling and GH Resistance Pathways in CKD Mice
2.7. Molecular Mechanism of GH on Muscle Function by RNAseq Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design
4.2. Body Composition, Metabolic Rate, and In Vivo Muscle Function
4.3. Serum and Blood Chemistry
4.4. Protein Assay for Muscle and Adipose Tissue
4.5. Muscle RNAseq Analysis
4.6. Quantative Real-Time PCR
4.7. Statistics
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sham + Vehicle (n = 9) | Sham + GH (5 mg/kg/day) (n = 9) | Sham + GH (10 mg/kg/day) (n = 9) | CKD + Vehicle (n = 9) | CKD + GH (5 mg/kg/day) (n = 9) | CKD + GH (10 mg/kg/day) (n = 9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BUN (mg/dL) | 34.5 ± 3.5 | 36.7 ± 4.6 | 32.6 ± 3.7 | 65.8 ± 6.9 a | 75.6 ± 8.1 a | 65.9 ± 5.8 a |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.32 ± 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.14 | 0.28 ± 0.09 | 0.57 ± 0.15 a | 0.65 ± 0.13 a | 0.75 ± 0.13 a |
Sham + Vehicle (n = 9) | Sham + GH (10 mg/kg/day) (n = 9) | CKD + Vehicle (n = 9) | CKD + GH (10 mg/kg/day) (n = 9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BUN (mg/dL) | 36.5 ± 5.8 | 26.7 ± 4.7 | 59.8 ± 7.4 a | 72.8 ± 11.5 a |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.31 ± 0.13 | 0.63 ± 0.21 a | 0.75 ± 0.25 a |
Human GH (µg/L) | - | 364.6 ± 76.4 | - | 325.3 ± 65.3 |
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Mak, R.H.; Gunta, S.; Oliveira, E.A.; Cheung, W.W. Growth Hormone Improves Adipose Tissue Browning and Muscle Wasting in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Cachexia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315310
Mak RH, Gunta S, Oliveira EA, Cheung WW. Growth Hormone Improves Adipose Tissue Browning and Muscle Wasting in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Cachexia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315310
Chicago/Turabian StyleMak, Robert H., Sujana Gunta, Eduardo A. Oliveira, and Wai W. Cheung. 2022. "Growth Hormone Improves Adipose Tissue Browning and Muscle Wasting in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Cachexia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315310