DNA Damage Response in Cancer Therapy and Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The DNA Damage Response
2.1. Single-Strand Break Repair
2.2. Double-Strand Breaks Repair
2.3. Epigenetic Control in DNA Damage Response
3. DNA Damage Response Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
3.1. DNA Damage Response Inhibitors in Single-Agent Approaches
3.2. DNA Damage Response Inhibitors in Combinatory Therapies
4. Biomarkers of DNA Damage Response Inhibitors
5. DNA Damage Response as a Mechanism of Cancer Therapy Resistance
6. DNA Damage Response Inhibitors to Overcome Therapy Resistance
6.1. Inhibition of PARP
6.2. Inhibition of ATM–ATR Complexes and Downstream Effectors
6.3. Inhibition of WEE1
6.4. Inhibition of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase to Re-Sensitize Cells
7. Mechanisms of Resistance to DNA Damage Response Inhibitors
7.1. Resistance to PARP Inhibitors
7.2. Cell Cycle Regulators in DNA Damage Response Inhibitors in Resistant Cells
7.3. Activation of Alternative DNA Repair Pathways
8. Liabilities upon Treatment with DDR Inhibitors
9. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inhibitor | Class/Mechanisms of Action | Stage and Indication |
---|---|---|
Olaparib | PARP inhibitor | Approved: HER2-negative BC; FC; OC; PaC; PeC; PC Phase III: BC; CRC; EC; NSCLC; SCLC; SCC Phase II/III: TNBC Phase II: BlaC; CC; GC; CBM; HNC; OSC; RCC; UC; HER2-positive; Solid tumors |
Talazoparib | PARP inhibitor | Approved: BC; HER2-negative BC Phase III: OC; PC Phase II: EC, FC; SCLC; SCC; TNBC; Solid tumors Phase I/II: AML |
Niraparib | PARP1 inhibitor PARP2 inhibitor | Approved: FC; OC; PeC Phase III: HER2-negative BC; NSCLC; SCLC Phase II: BC; CC; CCA; CNSC; EC; GC; GBM; Glioma; HNC; Mesothelioma; NT; EsC; PaC; RCC; UC; TNBC; Solid tumors; Uveal melanoma |
Rucaparib | PARP1 inhibitor PARP2 inhibitor | Approved: FC; OC; PeC; PC Phase II: BC; CC; EC; GC; UC; Mesothelioma; PaC; TNBC; Solid tumors Phase I/II: NSCLC |
Pamiparib | PARP1 inhibitor PARP2 inhibitor | Approved: FC; OC; PeC (China) Phase III: Cancer Phase II: HER2-negative BC; GC Phase I/II: GBM; Glioma; Solid tumors |
Veliparib | PARP inhibitor | Approved: advanced LSCC; OC; BC, LC Phase III: BC; HER2-negative BC; TNBC; NSCLC; OC Phase II/III: GBM Phase II: Brain metastases; CRC; GCEN; Malignant melanoma; PaC; RC; Solid tumors Phase I/II: Glioma; HNC; SCLC |
Stenoparib | PARP1 inhibitor PARP2 inhibitorTankyrase inhibitor | Phase II: BC; OC Phase I/II: Solid tumor |
Methoxyamine | APE1 inhibitor | Phase II. GBM; Mesothelioma; NSCLC Phase I/II: Solid tumors |
Palbociclib | CDK4 inhibitor CDK6 inhibitor | Approved: BC Phase II/III: NSCLC Phase II: Bone metastases; Brain metastases; GIST; Mantle cell lymphoma; PaC; PC; SCC; UC Phase I/II: CRC; Malignant melanoma |
Iniparib | Cell cycle inhibitor H2AFX protein stimulantTumor protein modulator | Phase II: Glioma |
Ceralasertib | ATR protein inhibitor | Phase III: NSCLC Phase II: TNBC; CCA; GC; GyC; Malignant melanoma; OSC; OC; PaC; PC; SCLCN; Solid tumors Phase I/II: CLL |
Elimusertib | ATR protein inhibitor | Phase I: HNC; Lymphoma; OC; Solid tumors |
M 4344 | ATR protein inhibitor | Phase I: Lymphoma; Solid tumors |
Berzosertib | ATR protein inhibitor | Phase II: FC; LS; OC; PeC; PC; SCLC; UC; Solid tumors Phase I: HNC |
AZD 1390 | ATM protein inhibitor | Phase I: GBM; NSCLC; Soft tissue sarcoma Preclinical: BC; Meningioma |
Prexasertib | CHEK1 inhibitor CHEK2 inhibitor | Phase II: OC; Solid tumors Phase I/II: EC; UCP reclinical: BC |
SRA 737 | CHEK1 inhibitor | Phase II: Solid tumors Phase I/II: OC; PC |
Peposertib | DNA-PK inhibitor | Phase I/II: RC/SCLC Phase I: GBM; Cancer; Solid tumors |
AZD 7648 | DNA-PK inhibitor | Phase I: Soft tissue sarcoma |
Adavosertib | WEE1 inhibitor | Phase II: TNBC; EC; FC; NSCLC; PeC; PC; RCC; SCLC; UtC; Solid tumors Phase I: Hematological disorders; HNC; UtC Preclinical: DLBCL; GC |
Volasertib | PLK1 inhibitor | Phase III: AML Phase II: MDS; NSCLC; OC Phase I: Rhabdomyosarcoma; Solid tumors |
Onvansertib | PLK1 inhibitor | Phase II: AML; PaC; PC; SCLC Phase I/II: CRC; TNBC Preclinical: CMML; Medulloblastoma; OC |
Targeting Protein | Inhibitor | Clinical Status | Disease State | NCT Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
ATR PARP | AZD6738 Olaparib | Phase 2, Recruiting | Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy-resistant residual triple-negative breast cancer | NCT03740893 |
PARP 1/2 and Tankyrase 1/2 | 2X-121 | Phase 2, Active not recruiting | Metastatic breast cancer, PARPi-resistant cancer | NCT03562832 |
PARP | Talazoparib | Phase 2, Recruiting | Multiple cancers, patients with aberrations in DNA damage response genes | NCT04550494 |
PD-1 PARP | Pembrolizumab Olaparib | Phase 2, Not recruiting | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, resistant to platinum agents | NCT04825990 |
Testosterone PARP | Olaparib | Phase 2, Active, not recruiting | Castration-resistant prostate cancer | NCT03516812 |
ATR PARP | BAY1895344 Niraparib | Phase 1, Recruiting | Advanced solid tumors, ovarian cancer | NCT04267939 |
PARP | Talazoparib Temozolomide | Phase 1,2 Recruiting | Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and no mutations in DNA damage repair | NCT04019327 |
PARP | Rucaparib | Phase 2 Recruiting | Prostate cancer metastatic, resistant to androgen deprivation therapy and who carry a DNA repair gene mutation | NCT03413995 |
PARP | Olaparib Temozolomide IMRT | Phase 1, 2 Recruiting | Unresectable high-grade gliomas | NCT03212742 |
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Jurkovicova, D.; Neophytou, C.M.; Gašparović, A.Č.; Gonçalves, A.C. DNA Damage Response in Cancer Therapy and Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314672
Jurkovicova D, Neophytou CM, Gašparović AČ, Gonçalves AC. DNA Damage Response in Cancer Therapy and Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314672
Chicago/Turabian StyleJurkovicova, Dana, Christiana M. Neophytou, Ana Čipak Gašparović, and Ana Cristina Gonçalves. 2022. "DNA Damage Response in Cancer Therapy and Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314672