Mechanical Stimulation Alters Chronic Ethanol-Induced Changes to VTA GABA Neurons, NAc DA Release and Measures of Withdrawal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Amelioration of Chronic Ethanol-Induced Changes to VTA GABA Neurons by MStim
2.2. Amelioration of Chronic Ethanol-Induced Changes to Dopamine Release in the NAc by MStim
2.3. Amelioration of EtOH Withdrawal Symptoms and Anxiety by MStim
2.4. Effects of MStim on Ultrasonic Vocalizations
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals, EtOH Administration, and MStim Application
4.2. Single Cell Electrophysiology
4.3. Characterization of VTA GABA Neurons
4.4. Ultrasonic Vocalizations
4.5. Microdialysis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography
4.6. Behavioral Measures of Withdrawal
4.7. Elevated-Plus Maze and Chronic Intermittent Ethanol
4.8. Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bills, K.B.; Otteson, D.Z.; Jones, G.C.; Brundage, J.N.; Baldwin, E.K.; Small, C.A.; Kim, H.Y.; Yorgason, J.T.; Blotter, J.D.; Steffensen, S.C. Mechanical Stimulation Alters Chronic Ethanol-Induced Changes to VTA GABA Neurons, NAc DA Release and Measures of Withdrawal. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012630
Bills KB, Otteson DZ, Jones GC, Brundage JN, Baldwin EK, Small CA, Kim HY, Yorgason JT, Blotter JD, Steffensen SC. Mechanical Stimulation Alters Chronic Ethanol-Induced Changes to VTA GABA Neurons, NAc DA Release and Measures of Withdrawal. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(20):12630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012630
Chicago/Turabian StyleBills, Kyle B., Dallin Z. Otteson, Gavin C. Jones, James N. Brundage, Emily K. Baldwin, Christina A. Small, Hee Young Kim, Jordan T. Yorgason, Jonathan D. Blotter, and Scott C. Steffensen. 2022. "Mechanical Stimulation Alters Chronic Ethanol-Induced Changes to VTA GABA Neurons, NAc DA Release and Measures of Withdrawal" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20: 12630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012630