Syndecan-4 Is a Key Facilitator of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant’s Superior Transmission
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of ACE2 Overexpression on the Cellular Internalization of the Spike Proteins
2.2. 293T-ACE2 Cells Exhibit Increased ACE2 Yet Reduced HS and SDC Expression
2.3. Effect of ACE2 and Proteoglycan Inhibition on Cellular Uptake
2.4. SDC4 Enhances the Cellular Uptake of the Delta Spike Protein
2.5. SDC4 Enhances the Cellular Uptake of the Delta PSV
2.6. Exploring the Delta Spike’s Interactions with the SDC4 Ectodomain
2.7. ACE2, HS and SDC Expression Profile of Calu-3 Cells
2.8. SDC4 Knockdown Decreases Delta’s Internalization into Calu-3 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Recombinant Proteins and Pseudoviruses
4.2. ACE2 and SDC Constructs, Cell Culture and Transfection
4.3. Flow Cytometry Analysis of HS, ACE2 and SDC Expression
4.4. Establishment of ACE2 or SDC4 KD Cell Lines
4.5. Pseudovirus (PSV) Studies
4.6. Flow Cytometry Analysis of Spike Uptake
4.7. Inhibitor Studies
4.8. Cell Viability Measurements
4.9. Co-Immunoprecipitation Experiments
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hudák, A.; Veres, G.; Letoha, A.; Szilák, L.; Letoha, T. Syndecan-4 Is a Key Facilitator of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant’s Superior Transmission. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020796
Hudák A, Veres G, Letoha A, Szilák L, Letoha T. Syndecan-4 Is a Key Facilitator of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant’s Superior Transmission. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(2):796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020796
Chicago/Turabian StyleHudák, Anett, Gábor Veres, Annamária Letoha, László Szilák, and Tamás Letoha. 2022. "Syndecan-4 Is a Key Facilitator of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant’s Superior Transmission" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2: 796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020796
APA StyleHudák, A., Veres, G., Letoha, A., Szilák, L., & Letoha, T. (2022). Syndecan-4 Is a Key Facilitator of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant’s Superior Transmission. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2), 796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020796