The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure, Composition and Metabolism of the Extracellular Matrix in the Central Nervous System
3. The Phenotypic Appearance of the Brain Extracellular Matrix
4. Extracellular Matrix Components and Neurodegenerative Diseases
4.1. Phenotypic Perspective
4.1.1. Perineuronal Nets and Neurodegeneration
4.1.2. Axonal Coats and Neurodegeneration
4.1.3. Basement Membrane and Neurodegeneration
4.2. At the Biochemical Level: Component Changes behind the Phenotypic Signs during Neurodegeneration
4.2.1. Hyaluronic Acid
4.2.2. Proteoglycans and Neurodegeneration
4.2.3. Glycoproteins and Neurodegeneration
4.2.4. Extracellular Matrix Modulating Enzymes and Neurodegeneration
5. Diagnostic Use and Medical Screening
6. Comments on Human versus Animal Studies
7. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Characteristics |
---|---|
MMP-3/stromelysin-1 | |
MMP-12/macrophage elastase |
|
MMP-9/gelatinase B |
|
MMP-2/gelatinase A |
|
MMP-7/matrilysin |
Regarding | Animal Study | Human Study | |
---|---|---|---|
Species | Result | ||
Molecular weight dependent actions of HA in AD | Rat | Active low molecular weight heparin might be protective against AD pathology or even reverse amyloidosis [259]. | High molecular weight heparin promotes the conversion of random coils to beta-sheets [175]. |
Contribution of HSPGs to AD pathology | Mouse neuronal cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells | HSPGs contribute to the cellular uptake of amyloid-beta, which is a clearance mechanism [260]. | Agrin (a type of HSPG) is accumulated in an insoluble form in AD, likely taking part in amyloid-beta formation. Agrin might also have a role in microvasculature changes occurring in AD [261]. |
Level of protection offered by aggrecan-based PNNs against AD pathology | Mouse | Aggrecan effects tau protein synthesis and phosphorylation but does not protect against tau pathology per se [262]. | Aggrecan-based PNNs protect cells from tau pathology [113]. |
Role of tenascins in acute and chronic neuroinflammation | Mouse | Tenascin-C contributes to the inflammatory aspect of AD and its functional inhibition lessens AD symptoms [189]. Tenascin-R restricts distribution and internalization of tau as a component of PNN [112]. | Tenascin R and C were downregulated in acute MS plaques. Subacute and chronic plaques showed near-normal levels [186]. Tenascin-C is associated with cored plaques [190]. |
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Pintér, P.; Alpár, A. The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 11085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911085
Pintér P, Alpár A. The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(19):11085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911085
Chicago/Turabian StylePintér, Panka, and Alán Alpár. 2022. "The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19: 11085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911085