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Communication

Dispirooxindole-β-Lactams: Synthesis via Staudinger Ketene-Imine Cycloaddition and Biological Evaluation

by
Vadim E. Filatov
1,
Dmitrii A. Iuzabchuk
1,
Viktor A. Tafeenko
1,
Yuri K. Grishin
1,
Vitaly A. Roznyatovsky
1,
Dmitrii A. Lukianov
1,2,
Yulia A. Fedotova
1,
Maxim A. Sukonnikov
1,
Dmitry A. Skvortsov
1,
Nikolai V. Zyk
1 and
Elena K. Beloglazkina
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia
2
Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143028 Skolkovo, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(12), 6666; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126666
Submission received: 17 May 2022 / Revised: 5 June 2022 / Accepted: 14 June 2022 / Published: 15 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Molecules with Spiro-Conjugated Cycles: Advances in Synthesis and Applications)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In this work, we present the first synthesis of dispirooxindole-β-lactams employing optimized methodology of one-pot Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition with N-aryl-2-oxo-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acids as the ketene source. Spiroconjugation of indoline-2-one with β-lactams ring is considered to be able to provide stabilization and wide scope of functionalization to resulting scaffolds. The dispipooxindoles obtained demonstrated medium cytotoxicity in the MTT test on A549, MCF7, HEK293, and VA13 cell lines, and one of the compounds demonstrated antibacterial activity against E. coli strain LPTD.

1. Introduction

While cancer and diseases caused by bacterial infections have always been a substantial social threat, emerging targeted cancer therapies provide means to alleviate it. Strategies for selective targeting and elimination of malignant cells have been developed for the past three decades [1]. Amongst these strategies, an approach based on small-molecule agents has attracted major interest [2]. Some low molecular weight scaffolds may be the basis for the development of new antibacterial and anticancer drugs; these small-molecule therapeutic agents offer several significant advantages such as high stability in biological environments, allowing for oral administration and high potential of modification and functionalization [2,3]. The potential for modification and the functionalization of small-molecule therapeutic agents is especially important for reducing the toxicity toward healthy human cells, which is significant not only for antibacterial therapy, but improves efficiency in suppressing tumor cells [2,3].
Among antibiotics, one of the most well-known scaffolds is β-lactam. The main problem of these antibiotics is the common resistance the bacteria to this antibiotic. This problem may be overcome by combining antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors or new antibiotics that are resistant to degradation [4]. The latter approach requires the development of new molecular scaffolds. The compounds considered below have a rigid three-dimensional framework while containing a β-lactam ring, and it would be interesting to consider whether it has antibacterial activity. Moreover, β-lactam-based compounds were described recently as anticancer prodrugs and enzyme inhibitors [5].
Diversification of molecular targets has been recently discovered, resulting in the development of multitude of small-molecule targeted therapeutics [6]. Although different ways to inhibit tumor cell proliferation are known, the targeting apoptosis is considered to be the most effective since it potentially leads to a complete elimination of malignant tissues [7,8]. Thus, as a result, strategies based on up-regulation of apoptosis-inducing p53 protein (also known as “genome guardian”) through inhibition of its antagonist, cellular protein MDM2, has become a foundation for the design and synthesis of small-molecule agents for targeted therapy [9,10,11,12,13,14]. Several examples of different inhibitors belonging to different structure types are known to exhibit impressive antitumor activity [15,16,17,18]. Among these molecules, inhibitors based on spirooxindole scaffold attract major interest [19,20,21]. An oxindole ring is bioisosteric to indole moiety of tryptophan, interaction with which is fundamental for binding to MDM2, while spiro-conjugation provides synthesized molecules structural rigidity and wide scope of functionalization [21]. Several spirooxindole-based drugs for targeted therapy such as APG-115 (Figure 1a) and SAR405838 (Figure 1b) exhibited great tumor-suppressing activity in recent clinic trials [22,23,24,25].
Despite design and development being primarily focused on spirooxindoles conjugated with pyrrolidine ring, other structuraltypes of spiroindoline-2-ones are known to exhibit antiproliferative activity [26]. Recently, we have reported convenient methodologies for the synthesis of novel bis-aryl spiro[azetidine-2,3′-indoline]-2′,4-diones (Figure 1c) displaying good affinity with targets at docking studies and preliminary in vitro tests [27].
The development of the latter compounds, in which the oxindole moiety is spiro-conjugated with the β-lactam ring, are based on the idea of β-lactams ring stability in the cell environment, as proven by work of O’Boyle and coworkers on β-lactams combretastatin-A4 analogues [28,29]. Note that, although the introduction of additional spiro-conjugation in synthesized compounds to enhance rigidity and functionalization of resulting molecules is common for spirooxindole-pyrrolidines, it is hitherto unknown for spirooxindole-β-lactams. In this article, we report the design and synthesis of a novel dispirooxindole-β-lactams scaffold.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of Dispirooxindole-β-Lactams

To synthesize spiro-oxindole-β-lactams with the additional spiro conjugation, it seemed convenient to use N-substituted 2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxilic acids as starting reagents, introducing them to the Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition reactions as a source of ketenes. We started our research with the comparison of the results of docking to the MDM2 binding site for the forming in such reactions dispiro compound a and the previously synthesized [27] spiro derivative b with the same set of exocyclic aryl substituents (see Table 1). According to docking studies conducted with AutoDock, Vina’s [30] introduction of the N-aryl-2-oxopyrrolidine moiety provides a noticeable increase in affinity to the binding site of MDM2 compared to previously studied spiro-β-lactams [27] (Figure 2, Table 1).
It can be seen from Figure 2 that cis-diastereomer of spirooxindole (b1 (2R,3S) and b2 (2S,3R)) is better at occupying the deepest pocket of binding site than thecis-diastereomer of dispirooxindole-β-lactam (a1 (3R,3′S) and a2 (3S,3′R)).However, due to the additional N-aryl-2-oxopyrrolidine ring, dispirooxindole-β-lactam a can cover a larger surface area of the binding pocket compared to their mono-spiro analogues. This results in higher affinity even for less plausible cis-diastereomer (Table 1).
The starting N-substituted 2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxilic acids for the subsequent Staudinger keten-imine cycloaddition were synthesized using slightly modified experimental techniques described in [31,32,33,34]. In general, all these methodologies are variations on thehomoconjugate addition of nucleophiles to cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate derivatives reported by Rajendra K. Singh and Samuel Danishefsky [35]. We implemented this approach to the synthesis of a series of N-aryl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxilic acids 3a–e from anilines 1a–e and cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2 (Scheme 1), which have not been previously described.
Initial cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2 was prepared using methodologies reported in [35,36,37]. The addition of anilines 1a–e to 2 proceeds under mild conditions, resulting in the formation of products 3a–e with good yields.
Next, compounds 3a–e were introduced into one-pot Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition reactions with isatinimines 4a,b. Reacting ketenes were produced from keto-acids 3 in situ using TsCl as an activating co-reagent (Scheme 2).
For this procedure, we implemented the previously used diastereoselective synthesis of bis-aryl spirooxindole-β-lactams [38]. After slight optimization of reaction conditions, namely solvent and reaction temperature selection, we obtained f series novel dispirooxindole-β-lactams 5a–f in reasonable yields.

2.2. Structural Determination of Compounds 5 and Other Reaction Products

In order to establish the structure of synthesized compounds and evaluate diastereoselectivity of process, we conducted the detail studies of compound 5a. Dispiro-β-lactam 5a forms monoclinic unit cell belonging to space group P 21/n according to X-ray analysis data (Figure 3).
The molecular structure of compound 5a corresponds to trans-configuration of substituents adjacent to β-lactam ring or (3R*,3′R*)-1′,1″-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)dispiro[indoline-3,2′-azetidine-3′,3″-pyrrolidine]-2,2″,4′-trione (Scheme 1, Figure 3). The four-membered β-lactam cycle and the spiro-linked five-membered rings are practically planar. The neighboring spiro-jointed cycles are practically perpendicular to each other (Table 2).
The structure of compound 5a obtained for a single crystal was also confirmed by NMR data for a DMSO solution. Spectral assignments were achieved using 2D correlation techniques, gCOSY, ROESYAD, gHSQCAD, and gHMBCAD (see Supplementary Information Figures S12 and S13). Among the most important results of NMR research, note that the Overhauser effect was observed for the interaction between the protons of the dimethylene fragment of the pyrrolidinone ring, even between the most distant protons (the maximum distance is 3.06 Å on the trans-isomer of compound 5a). However, there is no cross peak in the ROESYAD spectrum (Figure 4) corresponding to the interaction of methylene protons with the most closely located aromatic proton of indolin-2-one due to considerable distance (>5 Å) between pyrrolidine one and isatin protons. This interaction is to be expected for cis-diastereomer where the corresponding distance should be ≤3 Å.
Thus, it can be argued that the reaction of N-aryl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxilic acids 3a-e with isatinimines in the presence of tosyl chloride proceeds diastereospecifically, yielding only the trans-diastereomer of dispiro-β-lactams 5.
Additionally, we managed to isolate some by-products of the acid 3a’s interaction with isatinimines and TsCl, namely p-toluene sulfonylamide 6 and N,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide 7 (Figure 5). These compounds were isolated from the reaction mixtures in amounts not exceeding 5–7%. The structure of compound 6 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction data.
Compound 6 is a product of the isatin amide group tosylation of the dispiro-β-lactam 5a. The formation of tosylated product 6 in the form of only trans-diastereomer can also serve as an additional confirmation of the diastereoselectivity of the formation of dispiro-β-lactam moieties. Compound 7 is possibly a product of the hydrolysis of starting isatinimine followed by the reaction of the formed aniline 1a and acid 3a with amide formation.
To explain the observed stereochemical outcome, we applied quantum chemical calculations of the two-stage process of ketene–imine cycloaddition, with a consistent nucleophilic addition of imine nucleophile to the ketene carbonyl droup in two possible addition modes—exo- or endo-attack, followed by cyclization of resulting zwitterion intermediate (Figure 6).
Geometrical optimization for the compounds, vibrational frequency analysis, and transition state (TS) searches of the studied transformations and intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations (IRC) were carried out using PRIRODA-04 software [39] with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) [40] functional in combination with a polarization-consistent basis set (PC-1) for the model reaction of compound 5a synthesis.
While the E-imine exo-attack pathway showed conventional energy profiles with two activation barriers corresponding to the formation of the zwitterionic intermediate and its cyclization (Figure 6a), the endo-attack calculation showed unexpected details of the reaction mechanism. First, compared with the exo-attack of E-imine, which proceeds with a relatively low activation barrier, the formation of zwitterion through the endo-attack begins without barriers at all (Figure 6b; the value of 0.54 kcal/mol lies within the accuracy of the calculation). However, then, the resulting zwitterion can be cyclized to form the cis-isomer of dispiro-β-lactam 5a only with a sufficiently high activation energy (53.19 kcal/mol), which limits the spontaneous process. In contrast, the zwitterion formed as a result of the E-imine endo-attack (Figure 6b) does not cyclize directly to trans-β-lactam, but undergoes an alternative cyclization via a nucleophilic attack of the lone pair of the amide oxygen of the pyrrolidin-2-one ring on the iminium carbon atom. This leads to the formation of intermediate A (Figure 6b) in two possible ways: through the formation of a spirocyclic zwitterion (Figure 6b, path A) or by the synchronous rearrangement of the initial zwitterion (Figure 6b, path B). This stage proceeds with a significantly low activation energy and stabilizes the spatial configuration of the substituents, promoting the formation of the trans-isomer of dispiro-β-lactam. Although direct cyclization of intermediate A via the 1,3-oxazinon ring closure is also possible (Figure 6b, path C), it is less energetically favorable than the two-step process of opening the 1,3-oxazinon compound and the subsequent cyclization of the resulting zwitterion (Figure 6b, path D). The activation barrier of the latter conversion is comparable to the conventional zwitterion intermediate cyclization demonstrated for theexo-attack (Figure 6a).
Thus, it was observed that the stereochemical outcome where the reaction yields only trans-diastereomer of 5a may be due to barrierless formation of the zwitterion undergoing subsequent stabilization through the formation of a cyclic intermediate with low activation energy.

2.3. Biological Investigations of Compounds 5

We carried out in vitro cytotoxicity tests for synthesized dispiroindolin-2-ones 5a–f. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the standard MTT method [41] using Mcf7 (breast adenocarcinoma), A549 (lung cancer), Hek293t (derivative human cell line that expresses a mutant version of the SV40 large T antigen), and VA13 (noncancerous epithelial lung fibroblasts) cell lines. For comparison, we also studied the cytotoxicity on these cell lines of some spiro-β-lactams with one spiro-junction, which we synthesized earlier [27,38]. The results are shown in Table 3.
According to the data presented in Table 3, dispirooxindole-β-lactam 5a is the least potent of the series, possibly meaning that the stereo configuration provided by the two side 4-MeO-C6H4 substituents is less complementary to a target binding site. A similar effect is observed in the case of 5b. This allows to conclude that large lipophilic substituents in the fourth position of the aryl side rings hinder the binding of dispirooxindole to the active site of the target. Meanwhile, placing smaller lipophilic substituents in the fourth position of even one aryl ring drastically increases cytotoxicity. It can also be seen that the introduction of 3-substituted instead of 4-substituted aryl side rings results in relatively high toxicity values. It is important to notice that the very same correlation was previously observed for bis-aryl spirooxindole-β-lactams [27]. The most essential result is that some dispirooxindole-β-lactams demonstrated a higher antiproliferative activity compared to oxindole-β-lactams with single spiroconjugation despite the formation of less potent (according to docking studies; see Table 1) diastereomers. Thus, the introduction of an additional functionalized spiro-conjugated ring will improve the cytotoxic activity of oxindole β-lactam derivatives with the same aryl substituents in spiro-linked rings.
Synthesized dispiroindolin-2-ones 5a–f were also tested for antibacterial activity. Tests were carried out on two E. coli strains that were hypersensitive to antibiotics, DTC [42] and LPTD [43]. E. coli DTC strain lacks tolC gene, which encodes the outer membrane component of several multidrug transporters [44]. E. coli LPTD has the 23-amino-acid deletion in lptD gene, anessential protein functioning in the final stages of the assembly of lipopolysaccharides into the outer membrane [45]. On a plate test, dispirooxindole-β-lactam provided with 3-Me-C6H4 and 4-F,3-Cl-C6H3 5f showed a small amount of activity on the LPTD strain. Then, minimal inhibitory concentration was measured, and for 5f, it was 1,30 ± 0,45 μM; compounds 5a–e did not show any activity even at high concentrations. Absence of 5f activity on E. coli DTC can be explained by low penetration of this molecule in cells with normal lptD protein. It correlates with higher LogP of the one bacteriotoxic compound 5f in the series. Compound 5f was analyzed for the mechanism of antibacterial activity by means of the pDualrep2 [46] reported system, which allows to detect translational inhibitors and SOS-response inducers, but none of these mechanisms is involved.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

All solvents used were purified and dehydrated using the methods described in [47]. All starting reagents were purchased from commercial sources (Sigma-Aldrich, ABCR, AKSci, Burlington, VT, USA). Microwave-heated reactions for the preparation of isatinimines were performed in a Monowave 300—Anton Paar reactor in sealed glass vessels with external temperature control. Reactions were checked by TLC analysis using silica plates with a fluorescent indicator (254 nm) and visualized with a UV lamp. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a BrukerAvance and Agilent 400-MR spectrometers (400 MHz for 1H, 100 MHz for 13C) in DMSO-d6. Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million relative to TMS. IR spectra were recorded using a Fourier transform spectrometer Nicolet iS5 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using an internal reflectance attachment with a diamond optical element—attenuated total reflection (ATR, iD7) with 45o angle of incidence. Resolution was 4 cm−1, and the number of scans is 20.
Electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectra were recorded in positive ion mode on a TripleTOF 5600+ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ABSciex, Concord, Vaughan, ON, Canada) equipped with DuoSpray ion source. The following MS parameters were applied: capillary voltage 5.5 kV; nebulizing and curtain gas pressure—15 and 25 psi, respectively; ion source temperature—ambient; declustering potential 20 V; m/z range 100–1200. Elemental compositions of the detected ions were determined based on accurate masses and isotopic distributions using Formula Finder software (ABSciex, Concord, ON, Canada). The maximum allowed deviation of the experimental molecular mass from the calculated one was 5 ppm.
The X-ray data for the compounds 5a and 6 were collected at room temperature using STOE diffractometer Pilatus100K detector, focusing mirror collimation CuKα (1.54086Å) radiation, rotation method mode. STOE X-AREA software was used for cell refinement and data reduction. Data collection and image processing wereperformed with X-Area 1.67 (STOE &Cie GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany, 2013). Intensity data were scaled with LANA (part of X-Area) in order to minimize differences in theintensities of symmetry-equivalent reflections (multi-scan method). The structures were solved with SHELXT and refined with SHELX. The non-hydrogen atoms (for both substances) were refined by using the anisotropic full-matrix least-square procedure. All hydrogen atoms were placed in the calculated positions and allowed to ride on their parent atoms (C-H 0.93–0.98; Uiso 1.2 Ueq (parent atom)).

3.2. General Procedure for thePreparation of 6,6-Dimethyl-5,7-Dioxaspiro [2.5]Octane-4,8-Dione (2)

Starting 6,6-dimethyl-5,7-dioxaspiro[2.5]octane-4,8-dione 2 was prepared according to synthetic procedures reported in [35,36,37].

3.3. General Procedure for Preparation of Isatinimines 4a,b

Iminoindolin-2-ones 4a,b were prepared according to the synthetic procedures reported in [38].

3.4. General Procedure for Preparation of N-Aryl-2-Oxopyrrolidine-3-Carboxylic Acids 3a–e

Acids 3a–e were synthesized according to slightly modified procedures, described in [31,48]. A cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2 (4 mmol) was dissolved at room temperature in anhydrous acetonitrile (10 mL) in a round-bottom flask. The resulting solution was blown through with dry argon for 10 min. Then, substituted aniline (8 mmol) was added at room temperature, and additional dry argon was bubbled through the reaction solution for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 48 h at room temperature. An additional control of the reaction completion via TLC may be employed. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to afford a beige to brown solid product. This solid was dissolved in dichloromethane (30 mL) and washed with two portions of 10% HCl (10 mL). The organic layer was separated and dried with Na2SO4.The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to afford a white to beige solid product. An additional purification via column chromatography using petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (2:1) as eluent can be employed to provide N-aryl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acids of higher purity.
2-Oxo-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (3a) [48]. A reaction of 4-methoxyaniline 1a (985 mg, 8 mmol) and cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2 (681 mg, 4 mmol) yields 1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid as a beige solid (715 mg, 76%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.57 (br.s, 1H), 7.49–7.42 (m, 2H), 6.96–6.89 (m, 2H), 3.95–3.82 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.64 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 2.62–2.41 (m, 2H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 170.6, 169.1, 157.3, 130.5, 122.0, 113.9, 55.1, 47.1, 46.9, 20.5.
2-Oxo-1-(4-methylphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (3b) [31]. A reaction of p-toluidine 1b (857 mg, 8 mmol) and cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2(681 mg, 4 mmol) yields 2-oxo-1-(p-tolyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid as a white solid (763 mg, 87%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.87 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.95–3.83 (m, 2H), 3.64 (t, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 2.60–2.44 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 171.2, 169.9, 136.1, 135.6, 129.8, 120.8, 47.8, 47.4, 21.2, 21.1.
2-Oxo-1-(3-methylphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (3c) [48]. A reaction of m-toluidine 1c (857 mg, 8 mmol) and cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2 (681 mg, 4 mmol) yields 2-oxo-1-(m-tolyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid as a beige solid (737 mg, 84%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.22 (s, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.91–3.79 (m, 2H), 3.64 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 2.50–2.39 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 171.0, 170.7, 139.0, 138.1, 128.8, 126.7, 121.4, 117.8, 48.5, 47.5, 21.5, 21.5.
2-Oxo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (3d) [31]. A reaction of 4-chloroaniline 1d (1021 mg, 8 mmol) and cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2 (681 mg, 4 mmol) yields 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid as a white solid (824 mg, 86%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.55 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (q, J = 9.7, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.66–2.44 (m, 2H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 171.4, 131.5, 129.4, 121.7, 47.7, 47.1, 21.0.
2-Oxo-1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (3e) [31]. A reaction of 3-chloro-4-fluoroaniline 1e (1164 mg, 8 mmol) and cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2 (681 mg, 4 mmol) yields 1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid as a white solid (670 mg, 65%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.85 (s, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J = 6.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (ddd, J = 9.1, 4.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.93–3.78 (m, 2H), 3.64–3.58 (m, 1H), 2.42–2.24 (m, 2H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 171.1, 169.9, 155.0, 152.6, 136.3, 121.4, 120.1, 120.0, 119.5, 119.3, 117.0, 116.7, 49.8, 46.8, 21.9.

3.5. General Procedure for Preparation of Dispirooxindole-β-Lactams 5a–f

N-Aryl-2-oxo-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 3 (1.5 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous o-xylene (15 mL) at room temperature. To the resulting solution N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA; 1.5 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was heated to 40 °C and stirred at this temperature for 10 min. 4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (1.6 mmol) was then added in one portion, and the resulting solution was heated to 100 °C, stirred for 30 min and then cooled down to 40 °C. The additional DIPEA (1.5 mmol) in o-xylene (15 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min. Isatinimine solution in o-xylene (5 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred at 40 °C for 48–72 h (a completion of the reaction was checked using TLC). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a viscous oil, which was purified with gradient column chromatography using petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (2:1) to ethyl acetate as eluent. The resulting solid was recrystallized from diethyl ether to afford target compound.
(3S*,3′S*)-1′,1″-di(4-Methoxyphenyl)dispiro[indoline-3,2′-azetidine-3′,3″-pyrrolidine]-2,2″,4′-trione (5a). A reaction of 3-((4-methoxyphenyl)imino)indolin-2-one 4a (252 mg, 1 mmol), 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 3a (353 mg, 1.5 mmol), 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (305 mg, 1.6 mmol) and DIPEA (388 mg, 523 mkl, 3 mmol) yields dispiro-β-lactam 5a as a white solid (291 mg, 62%) and by-products 6 (44 mg, 7%) and 7 (7 mg, 2%).
(5a)1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.95 (s, 1H), 7.36–7.32 (m, 1H), 7.09–7.01 (m, 3H), 6.74–6.54 (m, 8H), 3.50 (ddd, J = 9.9, 8.7, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.22 (dt, J = 9.8, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (dt, J = 14.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (ddd, J = 14.5, 7.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 174.1, 166.3, 163.0, 156.6, 156.2, 142.7, 131.4, 131.2, 129.4, 127.8, 122.0, 122.0, 118.2, 114.8, 114.0, 110.9, 71.6, 68.1, 55.3, 55.2, 45.9, 22.1.
IR (cm−1): 3208, 1769, 1732, 1675, 1510, 1246, 1022, 829.
HRMS (ESI) Calculated for C27H24N3O5+ [M + H+]: 470.1710, found: 470.1704.
(3S,3′S)-1′,1″-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-tosyldispiro[indoline-3,2′-azetidine-3′,3″-pyrrolidine]-2,2″,4′-trione (6)1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.01 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (dt, J = 8.6, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.36–7.31 (m, 2H), 7.26 (td, J = 7.7, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.93–6.88 (m, 2H), 6.62–6.57 (m, 2H), 6.47–6.42 (m, 2H), 3.79–3.73 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.43–3.37 (m, 1H), 2.69–2.58 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.27 (ddd, J = 14.5, 7.5, 3.2 Hz, 2H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 172.3, 165.1, 156.4, 146.9, 139.1, 133.5, 132.2, 131.2, 130.5, 128.4, 128.0, 127.5, 125.2, 122.0, 119.8, 118.2, 114.6, 114.0, 113.7, 73.0, 55.3, 48.6, 45.6, 22.1, 21.2.
HRMS (ESI) Calculated for C34H30N3O7S+ [M + H+]: 624.1799, found: 624.1782.
N,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide (7)1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.14 (s, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J = 9.0, 4.3 Hz, 4H), 6.96 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.92–3.79 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.67 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 2.46–2.27 (m, 2H).
HRMS (ESI) Calculated for C19H21N2O4+ [M + H+]: 341,1496, found: 341,1496.
(3S*,3′S*)-1′-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1″-(4-tolyl)dispiro[indoline-3,2′-azetidine-3′,3″-pyrrolidine]-2,2″,4′-trione (5b). A reaction of 3-((4-methoxyphenyl)imino)indolin-2-one 4a (252 mg, 1 mmol), 2-oxo-1-(4-tolyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 3b (329 mg, 1.5 mmol), 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (305 mg, 1.6 mmol) and DIPEA (388 mg, 523 mkl, 3 mmol) yields dispiro-β-lactam 5b as a white solid (190 mg, 42%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.24 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40–7.28 (m, 3H), 7.14 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.02–6.94 (m, 2H), 3.82 (td, J = 9.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.59–3.48 (m, 1H), 2.74–2.62 (m, 1H), 2.56 (ddd, J = 14.5, 7.3, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (s, 3H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 174.1, 166.6, 156.3, 142.7, 135.9, 134.4, 131.2, 129.4, 129.3, 127.8, 122.1, 120.7, 120.1, 118.2, 114.8, 111.0, 71.8, 68.1, 55.3, 45.6, 22.1, 20.4.
IR (cm−1): 3247, 1763, 1683, 1509, 1241, 815.
HRMS (ESI) Calculated for C27H24N3O4+ [M + H+]: 454.1761, found: 454.1764.
(3S*,3′S*)-1″-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1′-(4-methoxyphenyl)dispiro[indoline-3,2′-azetidine-3′,3″-pyrrolidine]-2,2″,4′-trione (5c). A reaction of 3-((4-methoxyphenyl)imino)indolin-2-one 4a (252 mg, 1 mmol), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 3d (359 mg, 1.5 mmol), 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (305 mg, 1.6 mmol), and DIPEA (388 mg, 523 mkl, 3 mmol) yields dispiro-β-lactam 5c as a white solid (166 mg, 35%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.26 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58–7.53 (m, 2H), 7.44–7.38 (m, 2H), 7.33 (td, J = 7.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.94–6.85 (m, 4H), 3.85 (td, J = 9.3, 8.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.63–3.54 (m, 1H), 2.75–2.64 (m, 1H), 2.58 (ddd, J = 14.4, 7.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 174.0, 167.0, 162.7, 156.3, 142.8, 137.3, 131.28, 129.3, 129.0, 128.8, 127.7, 122.1, 121.5, 120.6, 118.3, 114.9, 111.0, 71.7, 68.1, 55.3, 45.5, 22.0.
IR (cm−1): 3230, 1763, 1713, 1684, 1510, 1493, 1376, 1241, 825, 753.
HRMS (ESI) Calculated for C26H21ClN3O4+ [M + H+]: 474.1215, found: 474.1210.
(3S*,3′S*)-1′,1″-di(3-Tolyl)dispiro[indoline-3,2′-azetidine-3′,3″-pyrrolidine]-2,2″,4′-trione (5d). A reaction of 3-(3-tolylimino)indolin-2-one 4b (236 mg, 1 mmol), 2-oxo-1-(3-tolyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 3c (329 mg, 1,5 mmol), 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (305 mg, 1,6 mmol), and DIPEA (388 mg, 523 mkl, 3 mmol) yields dispiro-β-lactam 5d as a white solid (227 mg, 52%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.29 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J = 14.4, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.05–6.95 (m, 4H), 6.92 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.57–6.49 (m, 1H), 3.82 (td, J = 10.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.60–3.50 (m, 1H), 2.74–2.64 (m, 1H), 2.58 (ddd, J = 14.5, 7.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 174.0, 166.6, 163.3, 142.6, 139.1, 138.3, 138.2, 136.1, 131.3, 129.4, 128.7, 127.7, 125.9, 125.5, 122.1, 120.8, 117.5, 117.4, 113.0, 111.0, 71.7, 67.9, 45.7, 22.2, 21.1.
IR (cm−1): 3206, 1767, 1716, 1684, 1357, 1237, 1209, 759, 684.
HRMS (ESI) Calculated for C27H24N3O3+ [M + H+]: 438.1812, found: 438.1805.
(3S*,3′S*)-1″-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1′-(3-tolyl)dispiro[indoline-3,2′-azetidine-3′,3″-pyrrolidine]-2,2″,4′-trione (5e). A reaction of 3-(3-tolylimino)indolin-2-one 4b (236 mg, 1 mmol), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 3d (359 mg, 1.5 mmol), 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (305 mg, 1.6 mmol), and DIPEA (388 mg, 523 mkl, 3 mmol) yields dispiro-β-lactam 5e as a white solid (220 mg, 48%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.30 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 16.7, 8.1 Hz, 3H), 6.92 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (td, J = 9.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (q, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (dt, J = 16.4, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (ddd, J = 14.5, 7.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (s, 3H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 173.9, 166.9, 163.2, 142.6, 139.1, 137.2, 136.1, 131.3, 129.4, 128.8, 127.7, 125.5, 122.1, 121.5, 120.5, 117.4, 113.1, 111.0, 71.6, 67.9, 45.5, 22.0, 21.1.
IR (cm−1): 3288, 1743, 1731, 1699, 1492, 1372, 1245, 1210, 754, 685.
HRMS (ESI) Calculated for C26H21ClN3O3+ [M + H+]: 458.1266, found: 458.1257.
(3S*,3′S*)-1″-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1′-(3-tolyl)dispiro[indoline-3,2′-azetidine-3′,3″-pyrrolidine]-2,2″,4′-trione (5f). A reaction of 3-(3-tolylimino)indolin-2-one 4b (236 mg, 1 mmol), 1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 3e (386 mg, 1.5 mmol), 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (305 mg, 1.6 mmol), and DIPEA (388 mg, 523 mkl, 3 mmol) yields dispiro-β-lactam 5f as a white solid (200 mg, 42%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.31 (s, 1H), 7.75 (dd, J = 6.6, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (ddd, J = 9.1, 4.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (td, J = 7.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 13.2, 7.2 Hz, 3H), 6.92 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (td, J = 9.4, 9.0, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.65–3.55 (m, 1H), 2.70 (dt, J = 14.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (ddd, J = 14.4, 7.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H).
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 173.9, 167.0, 163.0, 142.7, 139.2, 136.1, 135.4, 131.4, 129.5, 127.6, 125.6, 122.2, 122.0, 120.8, 120.7, 120.5, 117.4, 117.2, 117.0, 113.08, 111.1, 71.5, 67.9, 45.7, 22.0, 21.1.
IR (cm−1): 3264, 1738, 1695, 1495, 1382, 1230, 1215, 685.
HRMS (ESI) Calculated for C26H20ClFN3O3+ [M + H+]: 476.1172, found: 476.1163.

3.6. Cell Lines

Human breast cancer cell line MCF7 and human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 were kindly provided by Dr. S. Dmitriev, immortalized human fibroblasts cell line VA13 was kindly provided by Dr. M. Rubtsova, human embryonic kidney HEK293T cell line was kindly provided by Dr. E. Knyazhanskaya. MCF7, VA13, A549, and HEK293T cell lines were maintained in DMEM/F-12 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and 50 µg/mL penicillin and 0.05 mg/mL streptomycin at 37 °C (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) in 5% CO2. Medium F-12 (Paneco LLC, Russia) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), 50 µg/mL penicillin, and 0.05 mg/mL streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) was used instead of DMEM/F-12 in some cytotoxicity assays. PC-3 cell line (ATCC) was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco, New York, NY, USA). Cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified incubator MCO-18AC (Sanyo, Osaka, Japan) supplied with 5% CO2. After attaining 80% confluence, the cells were harvested with TrypLE (Gibco) and subcultured 1:8. Cell cultures were tested for the absence of mycoplasma.

3.7. In Vitro Survival Assay (MTT Assay)

The cytotoxicity of tested substances was tested using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay [39] with some modifications. A total of 2500 cells per well for the MCF7, HEK293T, and A549 cell lines, or 4000 cells per well for the VA-13 cell line, were plated out in 135 µL of DMEM-F12 media (Gibco, USA) in a 96-well plate and incubated in the 5% CO2 incubator for first 16 h without treating. Then, 15 µL of media-DMSO solutions of tested substances to the cells (final DMSO concentrations in the media were 1% or less) and treated cells 72 h with 50 nM–100 µM (eight dilutions) of our substances (triplicate each) and doxorubicin as a control substance. The MTT reagent (Paneco LLC, Moscow, Russia) was then added to cells up to final concentration of 0.5 g/L (10 × stock solution in PBS was used) and incubated for 2 h at 37 °C in the incubator, under an atmosphere of 5% CO2. The MTT solution was then discarded, and 140 µL of DMSO (PharmaMed LLC, Russia) was added. The plates were swayed on a shaker (60 rpm) to dissolve the formazan. The absorbance was measured using a microplate reader (VICTOR ×5 Light Plate Reader, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 565 nm (in order to measure formazan concentration). The results were used to construct a dose–response graph and to estimate IC50 value (concentration of compounds, which caused 50% death of cells) with GraphPadSoftware, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.

3.8. Plate Test and Determination of Mechanism of Action

A total of 1.5 µL of 20 mM solution of each sample was applied to an agar plate containing a lawn of the E. coli DTC, E. coli LPTD, or the reporter strain (E.coli. DTC-pDualrep2 was used as previously described [44]). After overnight incubation at 37 °C, the plate was scanned by the ChemiDoc (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) system with two channels, including “Cy3-blot” (553/574 nm, green pseudocolor) for RFP fluorescence and “Cy5-blot” (588/633 nm, red pseudocolor) for Katushka2S fluorescence.Cells without reporter construction could be detected in both channels. The induction of the expression of Katushka2S is triggered by translation inhibitors, while RFP is up-regulated by the induction of DNA damage SOS response. In addition, 2 µL of levofloxacin (25 μg/mL) and erythromycin (5 mg/mL) were used as positive controls for DNA biosynthesis and ribosome inhibitors, respectively.

3.9. Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

Minimal inhibitory concentration values were determined by monitoring growth in 96-well plates of E. coli cultures exposed to serial dilutions of compounds 5a–f. Specifically, overnight E. coli LPTD cultures were diluted in 96-well plates to an OD600 of 0.01 in LB medium. The wells were then supplemented with antibiotic at concentrations of 200.00, 100.00, 50.00, 25.00, 12.50, 6.25, 3.13, 1.56, 0.78, and 0.39 µM. After antibiotic addition, the plates were incubated with shaking (200 r.p.m.) overnight at 37 °C, and cell growth was assessed by scanning each well with a VictorX5 reader.

4. Conclusions

In the present study, the first successful synthesis of dispirooxindole-β-lactam scaffold was demonstrated. It is also shown that the implementation of Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition allows the formation of the desired spirooxindoles with high diastereoselectivity and good yield. Meanwhile, an additional optimization of the synthetic procedure was necessary in order to improve the yield and lower the reaction time. Preliminary in vitro testing of obtained compounds demonstrated medium cytotoxicity of dispirooxindoles, but one of them shows antibacterial properties in the early micromolar range and has potential as an antibacterial agent, which provides data for further optimization of the structure. Therefore, this research offers important information for the development of bioactive compounds, including cytotoxic ones and antibacterials based on such a rigid 3d scaffold as dispirooxindole-β-lactams.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms23126666/s1: NMR spectra of synthesized compounds, X-ray data.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, V.E.F. and E.K.B.; Data curation, D.A.S. and Y.K.G.; Funding acquisition, E.K.B.; Investigation, V.E.F., D.A.L., V.A.T., V.A.R., Y.A.F., M.A.S. and D.A.S.; Methodology, V.E.F. and D.A.I.; Project administration, N.V.Z.; Resources, E.K.B.; Supervision, E.K.B.; Visualization, V.E.F. and Y.K.G.; Writing—original draft, V.E.F.; Writing—review and editing, Y.K.G., D.A.S. and E.K.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Russian Science Foundation, grant numbers 21-13-00023 (synthesis) and 22-14-00099 (biological tests), and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant number 19-33-90282 (physico-chemical investigation).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

CCDC-2171648 (compound 5a) and CCDC-2172682 (compound 6) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. The data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif website.

Acknowledgments

The-NMR and X-ray studies of this work were supported by the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Program of Development.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Ijms 23 06666 g001 550
Figure 1. Spirooxindole-based small-molecule inhibitors of MDM2. Spirooxindole-pyrrolidines: (a) APG-115, (b) SAR405838; (c) bis-aryl spirooxindole-β-lactams.
Figure 1. Spirooxindole-based small-molecule inhibitors of MDM2. Spirooxindole-pyrrolidines: (a) APG-115, (b) SAR405838; (c) bis-aryl spirooxindole-β-lactams.
Ijms 23 06666 g001
Ijms 23 06666 g002 550
Figure 2. Molecular docking studies of dispiro- (a) and spiro- (b) indolin-2-ones (see Table 1). Binding modes of four stereoisomers of dispirooxindole-β-lactam (a1–a4) are compared to isomers of previously studied spirooxindole-β-lactam (b1–b4) with same-side aryl substituents: (a1) (3R,3′S), (a2) (3S,3′R), (a3) (3R,3′R), (a4) (3S,3′S); (b1) (2R,3S), (b2) (2S,3R), (b3) (2R,3R), (b4) (2S,3S).
Figure 2. Molecular docking studies of dispiro- (a) and spiro- (b) indolin-2-ones (see Table 1). Binding modes of four stereoisomers of dispirooxindole-β-lactam (a1–a4) are compared to isomers of previously studied spirooxindole-β-lactam (b1–b4) with same-side aryl substituents: (a1) (3R,3′S), (a2) (3S,3′R), (a3) (3R,3′R), (a4) (3S,3′S); (b1) (2R,3S), (b2) (2S,3R), (b3) (2R,3R), (b4) (2S,3S).
Ijms 23 06666 g002
Ijms 23 06666 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of N-aryl substituted 2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxilic acids (3a–e) through homoconjugate addition of anilines (1a–e) to cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of N-aryl substituted 2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxilic acids (3a–e) through homoconjugate addition of anilines (1a–e) to cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate 2.
Ijms 23 06666 sch001
Ijms 23 06666 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of bis-aryl spirooxindole-β-lactams via Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition using N-aryl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxilic acids 3 as a source of ketene.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of bis-aryl spirooxindole-β-lactams via Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition using N-aryl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxilic acids 3 as a source of ketene.
Ijms 23 06666 sch002
Ijms 23 06666 g003 550
Figure 3. Molecular structure and unit cell of compound 5a.
Figure 3. Molecular structure and unit cell of compound 5a.
Ijms 23 06666 g003
Ijms 23 06666 g004 550
Figure 4. ROESYAD spectra of compound 5a. Atom labels correspond to the crystal structure from Figure 3.
Figure 4. ROESYAD spectra of compound 5a. Atom labels correspond to the crystal structure from Figure 3.
Ijms 23 06666 g004
Ijms 23 06666 g005 550
Figure 5. By-products of compound 5a synthesis: (a) p-toluene sulfonylamide 6; (b) N,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide 7.
Figure 5. By-products of compound 5a synthesis: (a) p-toluene sulfonylamide 6; (b) N,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide 7.
Ijms 23 06666 g005
Ijms 23 06666 g006 550
Figure 6. The presumable reaction mechanism for the compound 5a’s formation and calculated activation barrier values (Ea, kcal/mol) for the exo- (a) and endo- (b) attack of E-imine 4a on ketene carbonyl group with the subsequent cyclization of the resulting zwitterionic intermediate.
Figure 6. The presumable reaction mechanism for the compound 5a’s formation and calculated activation barrier values (Ea, kcal/mol) for the exo- (a) and endo- (b) attack of E-imine 4a on ketene carbonyl group with the subsequent cyclization of the resulting zwitterionic intermediate.
Ijms 23 06666 g006
Table
Table 1. Affinity energy comparison of dispirooxindole (a) and the previously described [27] spirooxindole-β-lactam (b).
Table 1. Affinity energy comparison of dispirooxindole (a) and the previously described [27] spirooxindole-β-lactam (b).
CompoundFigure 2 Entry#StereoisomerAffinity (kcal/mol)
Ijms 23 06666 i001a1(3R,3′S)−10.1
a2(3S,3′R)−9.1
a3(3R,3′R)−8.8
a4(3S,3′S)−8.1
Ijms 23 06666 i002b1(2R,3S)−9.2
b2(2S,3R)−9.4
b3(2R,3R)−8.1
b4(2S,3S)−7.3
Table
Table 2. Selected bond lengths and angles for compound 5a.
Table 2. Selected bond lengths and angles for compound 5a.
Bond(Å)Angle; Torsion(°)
N(2)-C(23)1.410(3)C(11)-N(2)-C(3)95.8(2)
N(2)-C(11)1.348(4)N(2)-C(11)-C(12)93.2(2)
N(2)-C(3)1.467(3)N(2)-C(3)-C(12)86.3(2)
C(3)-C(12)1.596(4)C(11)-C(12)-C(3)83.8(2)
C(11)-C(12)1.534(4)C(13)-C(12)-C(15)104.3(2)
O(2)-C(11)1.202(3)C(13)-C(12)-C(15)104.3(2)
N(3)-C(16)1.434(3)C(14)-C(13)-C(12)106.9(2)
N(3)-C(15)1.342(3)C(15)-N(3)-C(14)112.7(2)
N(3)-C(14)1.455(3)N(3)-C(14)-C(13)106.3(3)
C(12)-C(13)1.518(4)C(11)-N(2)-C(3)-C(10)134.3(2)
C(12)-C(15)1.519(3)N(2)-C(11)-C(12)-C(13)131.6(2)
C(13)-C(14)1.478(4)C(11)-N(2)-C(23)-C(28)160.1(3)
O(3)-C(15)1.224(3)C(23)-N(2)-C(3)-C(2)70.4(3)
Table
Table 3. IC50 (μM) values and calculated LogP (octanol/water) for dispirooxindole-β-lactams 5a–f and some previously synthesized [25,38] spirooxindole-β-lactams.
Table 3. IC50 (μM) values and calculated LogP (octanol/water) for dispirooxindole-β-lactams 5a–f and some previously synthesized [25,38] spirooxindole-β-lactams.
Compound#Ar1Ar2Mcf7VA13A549Hek293tLogP(o/w) *
Ijms 23 06666 i0035a4-OMe-Ph4-OMe-Ph104.3 ± 20.0103.1 ± 2.066.0 ± 8.727.0 ± 3.63.12
5b4-OMe-Ph4-Me-Ph27.1 ± 2.123. 5 ± 7.217.4 ± 1.714.0 ± 0.93.46
5c4-OMe-Ph4-Cl-Ph5. 7 ± 1.1~106.4 ± 0.4~53.76
5d3-Me-Ph3-Me-Ph17.9 ± 3.012.5 ± 0.48.0 ± 1.108.8 ± 0.8.3.88
5e3-Me-Ph4-Cl-Ph7.6 ± 0.77.7 ± 1.07.10 ± 0.56.5 ± 0.44.14
5f3-Me-Ph4-F,3-Cl-Ph5.6 ± 0.67.3 ± 1.16.9 ± 0.46.1 ± 0.44.32
Ijms 23 06666 i004cis [27]4-Cl-Ph4-F,3-Cl-Ph14.4 ± 1.916.2 ± 2.28.6 ± 0.612.7 ± 0.74.85
cis [38]4-Cl-Ph4-OMe-Ph41.9 ± 3.425.0 ± 1.928.4 ± 11.327.6 ± 4.14.30
Ijms 23 06666 i005trans [27]4-Cl-Ph4-F,3-Cl-Ph18.4 ± 2.116.6 ± 2.99.6 ± 0.617.8 ± 4.14.85
* LogP (o/w) was calculated with MOE2014 software (CCG company).
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Filatov, V.E.; Iuzabchuk, D.A.; Tafeenko, V.A.; Grishin, Y.K.; Roznyatovsky, V.A.; Lukianov, D.A.; Fedotova, Y.A.; Sukonnikov, M.A.; Skvortsov, D.A.; Zyk, N.V.; et al. Dispirooxindole-β-Lactams: Synthesis via Staudinger Ketene-Imine Cycloaddition and Biological Evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126666

AMA Style

Filatov VE, Iuzabchuk DA, Tafeenko VA, Grishin YK, Roznyatovsky VA, Lukianov DA, Fedotova YA, Sukonnikov MA, Skvortsov DA, Zyk NV, et al. Dispirooxindole-β-Lactams: Synthesis via Staudinger Ketene-Imine Cycloaddition and Biological Evaluation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(12):6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126666

Chicago/Turabian Style

Filatov, Vadim E., Dmitrii A. Iuzabchuk, Viktor A. Tafeenko, Yuri K. Grishin, Vitaly A. Roznyatovsky, Dmitrii A. Lukianov, Yulia A. Fedotova, Maxim A. Sukonnikov, Dmitry A. Skvortsov, Nikolai V. Zyk, and et al. 2022. "Dispirooxindole-β-Lactams: Synthesis via Staudinger Ketene-Imine Cycloaddition and Biological Evaluation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12: 6666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126666

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