Pseudomonas Flagella: Generalities and Specificities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Flagellar Structure
3. Dynamics of Flagellar Assembly
3.1. General Scenario of Assembly
3.2. Specificities of Salmonella and E. coli
3.3. Specificities of Pseudomonas
4. Fuelling of the Flagellar Machinery
4.1. Export of Flagellar Proteins
4.2. Generation of Flagellar Torque
4.2.1. Chemotaxis
4.2.2. Energy Generation
5. Regulation of Flagella
5.1. Extrinsic Factors and General Mechanisms
5.1.1. Biochemical Molecules
5.1.2. Temperature
5.1.3. DNA Topology
5.1.4. Membrane Stress
5.2. Regulation by Two-Component Systems
5.3. Regulation by Second Messengers
5.3.1. Adenosine 3′-5′ Cyclic Monophosphate (cAMP)
5.3.2. Bis-(3′-5′)-Cyclic Dimeric Guanosine Monophosphate (c-di-GMP)
- First, c-di-GMP is able to act at the transcriptional level. For example, in V. cholerae, overexpression of CdgF, a DGC, induces a decrease in transcript levels of many class III and class IV genes and thus a decrease in “swimming” motility [21].
- Second, c-di-GMP regulates flagella at the post-transcriptional level. In the polar flagellated species Caulobacter crescentus, TipF protein appears to function as a PDE. Deletion of the tipF gene in this bacterial species affects motility but does not impair fliC or flgE transcription. Only the hook and flagellar filament are missing. In E. coli, MifA and MifB are two DGCs that promote c-di-GMP production. Both enzymes have been reported to act at a post-transcriptional level to decrease flagella production.
- Finally, c-di-GMP acts directly by altering flagellar function. The PilZ-like protein, YcgR, in E. coli or S. enterica, binds to c-di-GMP and consequently interferes with the association of Mot protein with FliG, which impairs flagellar rotation [21,22]. In E. coli, YhjH is a PDE and DgcE a DGC. These two proteins are essential for controlling c-di-GMP levels, and mediate flagellar activity [107]. This second messenger is recognized by two diguanylate receptors (DgrA/DgrB) that impair flagella function.
5.4. Regulation by Quorum Sensing
5.5. Crosstalk between Flagella and the T6SS
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Salmonella/E. coli | Pseudomonas | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gene Name | Transcription Class 1 | Gene Name | Transcription Class 1 | Protein Activity |
che | III | che | IV | Chemotaxis proteins |
flgA | II and III | flgA | II | Flagellar basal body P-ring formation protein |
flgB, C | II and III | flgB, C | III | Proximal rod proteins |
flgD | II and III | flgD | III | Hook cap protein |
flgE | II and III | flgE | III | Hook protein |
flgF | II and III | flgF | III | Proximal rod protein |
flgG | II and III | flgG | III | Distal rod protein |
flgH | II and III | flgH | III | L-ring protein |
flgI | II and III | flgI | III | P-ring protein |
flgJ | II and III | flgJ | III | Distal rod cap protein |
flgK, L | II and III | flgK, L | III | Hook/filament junction protein |
flgM | II and III | flgM | II and IV | Anti-sigma 28 factor |
flgN | II and III | flgN | II and IV | Hook/filament junction chaperone protein |
flhA, B | II | flhA, B | II | Export gate proteins |
flhC, D | I | fleQ (syn. adnA) | I | Master regulator, transcriptional activator |
fliA, sigma 28 | II and III | fliA, sigma 28 | unknown | Sigma 28 factor |
fliC, fljB | III | fliC/flaA | IV | Flagellin protein |
fliD | II and III | fliD | II | Flagellin cap protein |
fliE | II | fliE | II | Rod adaptor protein |
fliF | II | fliF | II | MS-ring protein |
fliG | II | fliG | II | C-ring protein |
fliH, I, J | II | fliH, I, J | II | ATPase complex |
fliK | II | fliK | III | Hook length control protein |
fliL | II | fliL | II | Flagellum associated protein |
fliM, N | II | fliM, N | II | C-Ring proteins |
fliO, P, Q, R | II | fliO, P, Q, R | II | Export gate protein |
fliS | II and III | fliS, fliS’ | II | Flagellin chaperone protein |
fliT | II and III | fliT, fleP | II and IV | Flagellin cap chaperone protein |
mot | III | mot | IV | Flagellar motor protein |
ycgR | III | flgZ | II and IV | c-di-GMP effector |
fliZ | II and III | FlhD4C2 activator | ||
yhjH | III | phosphodiesterase | ||
flaG | IV | Protein involved in filament length control | ||
fleL | IV | Protein involved in filament length control | ||
fleR | II | Two component system response regulator | ||
fleS | II | Two component system sensor protein | ||
flhF | II | Polar landmark protein | ||
flhG, fleN | II | FleQ anti-activator protein |
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Bouteiller, M.; Dupont, C.; Bourigault, Y.; Latour, X.; Barbey, C.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Merieau, A. Pseudomonas Flagella: Generalities and Specificities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073337
Bouteiller M, Dupont C, Bourigault Y, Latour X, Barbey C, Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Merieau A. Pseudomonas Flagella: Generalities and Specificities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(7):3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073337
Chicago/Turabian StyleBouteiller, Mathilde, Charly Dupont, Yvann Bourigault, Xavier Latour, Corinne Barbey, Yoan Konto-Ghiorghi, and Annabelle Merieau. 2021. "Pseudomonas Flagella: Generalities and Specificities" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7: 3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073337