Maternal and Postnatal High Linoleic Acid Diet Impacts Lipid Metabolism in Adult Rat Offspring in a Sex-Specific Manner
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Maternal and Postnatal Hla Diet on Body Weight and Organ Weight of Adult Offspring
2.2. Effect of Maternal and Postnatal HLA Diet on Plasma Fatty Acid Composition in Adult Offspring
2.3. Effect of Maternal and Postnatal Hla Diet on Fat Mass, Lean Mass and Systolic Blood Pressure in Adult Offspring
2.4. Effect of Maternal and Postnatal Hla Diet on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Tolerance in Adult Offspring
2.5. Effect of Maternal and Postnatal Hla Diet on Circulating Leptin and Adiponectin Concentrations in Adult Offspring
2.6. Effect of Maternal and Postnatal HLA Diet on Circulating Liver Enzymes in Adult Offspring
2.7. Effect of Maternal and Postnatal Hla Diet on Creatinine, Urea and Uric Acid in Plasma of Adult Offspring
2.8. Effect of Maternal and Postnatal Hla Diet on Circulating and Hepatic Lipids in Adult Offspring
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Animal Model and Diet
4.2. Physiological Experiments in Adult Offspring
4.2.1. Non-Invasive Measurement of Systolic Blood Pressure in Pn180 Offspring
4.2.2. Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test in Pn180 Offspring
4.2.3. Intraperitoneal Insulin Tolerance Test in Adult Offspring
4.2.4. Body Composition Measurement in Adult Offspring
4.2.5. Fatty Acid Analysis in Offspring Plasma
4.2.6. Measurement of Circulating Leptin Concentration
4.2.7. Biochemical Analysis
4.2.8. Plasma Adiponectin Estimation in Adult Offspring
4.2.9. Cholesterol and Triglyceride Quantification in the Liver of Offspring
4.2.10. Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
4.2.11. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organ and Body Weight | LLA Maternal Diet | HLA Maternal Diet | Two-Way ANOVA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | Pmaternal | Ppostnatal | Pint | |
Male | |||||||
Body weight (gm) | 388.2 ± 5.4600 | 378.3 ± 6.5800 | 384.2 ± 6.3900 | 374.9 ± 5.0900 | ns | ns | ns |
% Left kidney | 0.314 ± 0.0050 | 0.313 ± 0.0010 | 0.316 ± 0.0030 | 0.310 ± 0.0050 | ns | ns | ns |
% Right kidney | 0.317 ± 0.0060 | 0.307 ± 0.0020 | 0.309 ± 0.0040 | 0.307 ± 0.0060 | ns | ns | ns |
% Left adrenal | 0.005 ± 0.0001 | 0.005 ± 0.0005 | 0.004 ± 0.0001 | 0.004 ± 0.0002 | ns | ns | ns |
% Right adrenal | 0.004 ± 0.0002 | 0.004 ± 0.0001 | 0.004 ± 0.0005 | 0.004 ± 0.0003 | ns | ns | ns |
% Liver | 3.06 ± 0.0300 | 2.95 ± 0.0300 | 2.97 ± 0.0500 | 2.95 ± 0.0500 | ns | ns | ns |
% Heart | 0.333 ± 0.0100 | 0.337 ± 0.0100 | 0.331 ± 0.0060 | 0.327 ± 0.0020 | ns | ns | ns |
% Brain | 0.541 ± 0.0090 | 0.571 ± 0.0050 | 0.555 ± 0.0080 | 0.576 ± 0.0050 | ns | p = 0.003 | ns |
% GAS | 0.554 ± 0.0100 | 0.548 ± 0.0090 | 0.558 ± 0.0100 | 0.580 ± 0.0200 | ns | ns | ns |
% SOL | 0.035 ± 0.0010 | 0.036 ± 0.0009 | 0.035 ± 0.0010 | 0.036 ± 0.0010 | ns | ns | ns |
% TA | 0.163 ± 0.0060 | 0.159 ± 0.0010 | 0.159 ± 0.0060 | 0.160 ± 0.0020 | ns | ns | ns |
% EDL | 0.047 ± 0.0020 | 0.051 ± 0.0007 | 0.050 ± 0.0006 | 0.047 ± 0.0020 | ns | ns | ns |
Female | |||||||
Body weight (gm) | 230.6 ± 4.0000 | 240.2 ± 2.2800 | 241.4 ± 2.0200 | 238.1 ± 3.9400 | ns | ns | ns |
% Left kidney | 0.304 ± 0.0040 | 0.313 ± 0.0010 | 0.305 ± 0.0040 | 0.296 ± 0.0040 | ns | ns | p = 0.03 |
% Right kidney | 0.306 ± 0.0070 | 0.316 ± 0.0030 | 0.302 ± 0.0010 | 0.305 ± 0.0060 | ns | ns | ns |
% Left adrenal | 0.01 ± 0.0010 | 0.01 ± 0.0006 | 0.01 ± 0.0005 | 0.01 ± 0.00010 | ns | ns | ns |
% Right adrenal | 0.01 ± 0.0009 | 0.01 ± 0.0003 | 0.01 ± 0.0007 | 0.01 ± 0.00090 | ns | ns | ns |
% Liver | 3.69 ± 0.0500 | 3.68 ± 0.0200 | 3.67 ± 0.0500 | 3.61 ± 0.0100 | ns | ns | ns |
% Heart | 0.346 ± 0.0050 | 0.384 ± 0.0200 | 0.357 ± 0.0040 | 0.352 ± 0.0050 | ns | ns | ns |
% Brain | 0.847 ± 0.0120 | 0.825 ± 0.0140 | 0.835 ± 0.0090 | 0.844 ± 0.0110 | ns | ns | ns |
% GAS | 0.604 ± 0.0200 | 0.583 ± 0.0100 | 0.594 ± 0.0100 | 0.575 ± 0.010 | ns | ns | ns |
% SOL | 0.042 ± 0.0010 | 0.037 ± 0.0010 | 0.041 ± 0.0008 | 0.043 ± 0.0010 | ns | ns | p = 0.011 |
% TA | 0.174 ± 0.0020 | 0.172 ± 0.0020 | 0.165 ± 0.0010 | 0.164 ± 0.0040 | p = 0.005 | ns | ns |
% EDL | 0.050 ± 0.0010 | 0.050 ± 0.0009 | 0.055 ± 0.0010 | 0.055 ± 0.0010 | p = 0.002 | ns | ns |
% Left ovary | 0.015 ± 0.0008 | 0.016 ± 0.0010 | 0.017 ± 0.0008 | 0.017 ± 0.0010 | ns | ns | ns |
% Right ovary | 0.017 ± 0.0008 | 0.016 ± 0.0008 | 0.017 ± 0.0008 | 0.018 ± 0.0005 | ns | ns | ns |
Plasma Fatty Acid | LLA Maternal Diet | HLA Maternal Diet | Two-Way ANOVA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | Pmaternal | Ppostnatal | Pint | |
Male | |||||||
Total SFA | 33.41 ± 0.3600 | 32.51 ± 0.2100 | 33.85 ± 0.1800 | 32.61 ± 0.3300 | ns | p = 0.003 | ns |
Total trans FA | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | ns | ns | ns |
Total MUFA | 15.61 ± 1.4300 | 7.83 ± 0.3100 | 14.56 ± 0.9700 | 9.11 ± 0.5400 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
Total n-9 FA | 12.27 ± 1.1500 | 5.70 ± 0.2300 | 11.12 ± 0.8100 | 6.58 ± 0.3900 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
Total n-7 FA | 3.28 ± 0.3300 | 2.08 ± 0.1100 | 3.34 ± 0.3300 | 2.55 ± 0.1600 | ns | p = 0.0011 | ns |
Total n-3 FA | 3.65 ± 0.1200 | 2.63 ± 0.0600 | 3.80 ± 0.0800 | 2.66 ± 0.0800 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
ALA (18:3n-3) | 0.32 ± 0.0400 | 0.21 ± 0.0100 | 0.26 ± 0.0400 | 0.20 ± 0.0000 | ns | p = 0.012 | ns |
EPA (20:5n-3) | 0.25 ± 0.0600 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.20 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | ns | p = 0.04 | ns |
DPA (22:5n-3) | 0.44 ± 0.0200 | 0.35 ± 0.0200 | 0.50 ± 0.0300 | 0.40 ± 0.0000 | p = 0.019 | p = 0.0002 | ns |
DHA (22:6n-3) | 2.64 ± 0.0600 | 2.03 ± 0.0800 | 2.86 ± 0.1100 | 2.01 ± 0.0700 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
Total n-6 FA | 47.21 ± 1.7400 | 56.93 ± 0.300 | 48.20 ± 0.8800 | 55.50 ± 0.6900 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
LA (18:2n-6) | 16.44 ± 0.6100 | 20.60 ± 0.5500 | 15.74 ± 1.0600 | 20.45 ± 0.6400 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
AA (20:4n-6) | 29.24 ± 1.0700 | 34.18 ± 0.5600 | 30.92 ± 0.6800 | 32.76 ± 0.7100 | ns | p = 0.0006 | ns |
LA/ALA | 56.47 ± 9.1500 | 105.8 ± 5.9000 | 58.47 ± 4.5100 | 99.92 ± 3.6000 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
AA/DHA | 11.1 ± 0.5900 | 16.81 ± 0.5600 | 10.85 ± 0.2800 | 16.31 ± 0.3900 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
DHA/DPA | 5.96 ± 0.3100 | 6.02 ± 0.3200 | 5.98 ± 0.3800 | 5.37 ± 0.1100 | ns | ns | ns |
Female | |||||||
Total SFA | 34.55 ± 0.3100 | 34.90 ± 0.2500 | 35.02 ± 0.3800 | 35.02 ± 0.1900 | ns | ns | ns |
Total trans FA | 0.12 ± 0.0100 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | ns | ns | ns |
Total MUFA | 13.74 ± 0.7800 | 8.82 ± 0.5600 | 12.45 ± 0.7300 | 7.81 ± 0.3700 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
Total n-9 FA | 11.20 ± 0.6900 | 6.63 ± 0.4700 | 9.94 ± 0.6400 | 5.75 ± 0.2900 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
Total n-7 FA | 2.45 ± 0.0900 | 2.13 ± 0.1000 | 2.40 ± 0.0800 | 1.95 ± 0.0900 | ns | p = 0.0005 | ns |
Total n-3 FA | 4.94 ± 0.1500 | 3.86 ± 0.0500 | 4.92 ± 0.1500 | 3.96 ± 0.0500 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
ALA (18:3n-3) | 0.28 ± 0.0400 | 0.14 ± 0.0100 | 0.20 ± 0.0000 | 0.15 ± 0.0200 | ns | p = 0.0009 | ns |
EPA (20:5n-3) | 0.15 ± 0.0300 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.10 ± 0.0000 | 0.04 ± 0.0200 | p = 0.014 | p = 0.014 | ns |
DPA (22:5n-3) | 0.27 ± 0.0200 | 0.21 ± 0.0100 | 0.20 ± 0.0200 | 0.20 ± 0.0000 | p = 0.04 | ns | ns |
DHA (22:6n-3) | 4.22 ± 0.1300 | 3.48 ± 0.0600 | 4.41 ± 0.1400 | 3.56 ± 0.0600 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
Total n-6 FA | 46.64 ± 0.7700 | 52.27 ± 0.6200 | 47.48 ± 0.6600 | 53.40 ± 0.4400 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
LA (18:2n-6) | 14.20 ± 0.9800 | 16.02 ± 0.8100 | 13.51 ± 0.9000 | 16.98 ± 0.7800 | ns | p = 0.006 | ns |
AA (20:4n-6) | 30.94 ± 0.8500 | 34.01 ± 0.8300 | 32.38 ± 0.4400 | 34.25 ± 0.6000 | ns | p = 0.002 | ns |
LA/ALA | 52.21 ± 4.8400 | 111.01 ± 5.3400 | 79.22 ± 6.2600 | 118.23 ± 2.8600 | p = 0.004 | p < 0.0001 | ns |
AA/DHA | 7.34 ± 0.1400 | 9.77 ± 0.2400 | 7.34 ± 0.1500 | 9.31 ± 0.2300 | ns | p < 0.0001 | ns |
DHA/DPA | 16.87 ± 1.0800 | 17.27 ± 1.1100 | 20.65 ± 1.0100 | 18.39 ± 0.6700 | p = 0.02 | ns | ns |
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Shrestha, N.; Vidimce, J.; Holland, O.J.; Cuffe, J.S.M.; Beck, B.R.; Perkins, A.V.; McAinch, A.J.; Hryciw, D.H. Maternal and Postnatal High Linoleic Acid Diet Impacts Lipid Metabolism in Adult Rat Offspring in a Sex-Specific Manner. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062946
Shrestha N, Vidimce J, Holland OJ, Cuffe JSM, Beck BR, Perkins AV, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Maternal and Postnatal High Linoleic Acid Diet Impacts Lipid Metabolism in Adult Rat Offspring in a Sex-Specific Manner. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(6):2946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062946
Chicago/Turabian StyleShrestha, Nirajan, Josif Vidimce, Olivia J. Holland, James S. M. Cuffe, Belinda R. Beck, Anthony V. Perkins, Andrew J. McAinch, and Deanne H. Hryciw. 2021. "Maternal and Postnatal High Linoleic Acid Diet Impacts Lipid Metabolism in Adult Rat Offspring in a Sex-Specific Manner" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6: 2946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062946